A Comparative Analysis on Human Capital and Wage Structure in the Spanish Hospitality Sector

Abstract

ABSTRACT

Wage differentials in Brazil: Tourism vs. other service sectors

“…These results differ from those of the few other studies of the tourism sector, such as those of Campos-Soria et al (2011), andGarcía-Pozo et al (2012), which both conclude that segmentation does exist in the hospitality industry. …”

Assessing the role of women in tourism related sectors in the Caribbean

“…Some papers find a positive association between the presence of women directors, on the one hand, and board and company performance on the other hand (e.g. Carter et al 2003, Campbell and Minguez-Vera 2008, Francoeur et al 2008, Garanina and Muravyev, 2017. Others report no statistically significant relationship (Carter et al 2010, Miller and Triana 2009, Rose 2007, Marinova et al 2015.…”

“…The share of female employment in tourism is higher than in other sectors, but still below the average and wages are worldwide about 35-40% lower than for men employed in the sector according to World Bank data. Existing studies already document the existence of a gender pay gap in the tourism industry in several countries which is not explained only by different productivity characteristics, but is due to some form of discrimination, namely a different way the same characteristics are paid for men and women (for the case of Spain, see Campos-Soria et al, 2011b;for Brazil, Ferreira Freire Guimaraes and Silva, 2016).Moreover, the existence of a glass ceiling effect -a larger gap at the highest end of the wage distribution -has been long identified in tourism economics and tourism management (Cotter et al, 2001).Firms owned by women face constraints in their access to credit (International Finance Corporation 2011), while female social networks are less developed (Baines and Wheelock, 2000) which correlates with their businesses having less success. Carvalho et al (2019) showed that women continue to be considered less fit for management in the tourist sector, although discrimination is not overt anymore, but invisible and still pervasive.…”

Tourism jobs in demand: Where the best contracts and high salaries go at online offers

“…Regarding salaries in the sector, different topics have been addressed such as gender discrimination ( Campos-Soria, Ortega-Aguaza, & Ropero-Garcia, 2009 ; García-Pozo, Campos-Soria, Sánchez-Ollero, & Marchante-Lara, 2012 ; Muñoz-Bullon, 2009 ; Thrane, 2008 ) or the comparison between tourism and other sectors ( Campos-Soria, García-Pozo, Sánchez-Ollero, & Benavides-Chicón, 2011 ; Silva & Freire-Guimarães, 2017 ). With regard to the latter, lower average salaries are observed in the tourism sector than in other sectors, these salaries are mainly attributed to the low level of formal education and the presence of low-skilled jobs in tourism ( Robinson et al, 2019 ).…”

“…A theoretical-empirical issue to be addressed in future research is to confirm if chefs and cooks are better treated in other countries, which places them in a better starting position than professionals; moreover, to address in more detail the causes of the worse treatment of professionals. Here we advance three hypotheses: firstly, that there is an overqualification effect, since the Spanish educational system has been concentrated in degrees that give rise to a number of graduates that tourism sector is not capable of absorbing; second, a sector effect due to the activation of hedonic salaries (there are other bonuses offered by the sector); and, thirdly, to a sector effect due to a business consideration that the productivity of the professionals is low due to educational degrees or competencies are not adapted to job positions ( Campos-Soria et al, 2011 ; Casado-Diaz & Simon, 2016 ; García-Pozo et al, 2011 ; Lee & Kang, 1998 ; Riley & Szivas, 2003 ; Santos & Varejao, 2007 ; Silva & Freire-Guimarães, 2017 ; Thrane, 2008 ).…”