A Comparative Study of the Pathogenesis of Western Equine and Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Viral Infections in Mice by Intracerebral and Subcutaneous Inoculations

Liu, Chien; Voth, Douglas W.; Rodina, Patricia; Shauf, Leslie R.; González, Guillermo

doi:10.1093/infdis/122.1-2.53

Cited by 46 publications

(36 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Liu et al (1970) also reported that mortality in mice was associated with encephalitic signs after subcutaneous infection. It should be noted that Monath et al (1978) documented pathological changes in the heart during WEEV infection and observed overall mortality of 40 %, largely in the absence of neurological signs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Aliquots (300 ml) of supernatant were removed at 12-24 h intervals and stored at 280 uC every 12 h for subsequent plaque assay until the monolayers became detached. Virus titrations were carried out in duplicate and plaque assays were performed as described by Liu et al (1970).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…via the tail vein. Two groups of CD1 mice were infected intracerebrally as described by Liu et al (1970) with 25 ml WEEV McM and IMP at a titre of 10 3 p.f.u. All mice were observed twice daily for signs of morbidity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous isolates of WEEV have been obtained from humans and equines during the many outbreaks, and mosquito isolates have been recovered from both epidemic and interepidemic periods. Furthermore, because WEEV has been shown to be infectious by aerosol, it is a threat as a potential bioterrorist (BT) weapon (Froeschle, 1964;Liu et al, 1970;Reed et al, 2005;Sidwell & Smee, 2003). (Hahn et al, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Virulence variation among isolates of western equine encephalitis virus in an outbred mouse model

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Bosio

Welte

et al. 2009

Journal of General Virology

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Little is known about viral determinants of virulence associated with western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV). Here, we have analysed six North American WEEV isolates in an outbred CD1 mouse model. Full genome sequence analyses showed ¡2.7 % divergence among the six WEEV isolates. However, the percentage mortality and mean time to death (MTD) varied significantly when mice received subcutaneous injections of 10 3 p.f.u. of each virus. Two WEEV strains, McMillan (McM) and Imperial 181 (IMP), were the most divergent of the six in genome sequence; McM caused 100 % mortality by 5 days post-infection, whereas IMP caused no mortality. McM had significantly higher titres in the brain than IMP. Similar differences in virulence were observed when McM and IMP were administered by aerosol, intranasal or intravenous routes. McM was 100 % lethal with an MTD of 1.9 days when 10 3 p.f.u. of each virus was administered by intracerebral inoculation; in contrast, IMP caused no mortality. The presence of IMP in the brains after infection by different routes and the lack of observed mortality confirmed that IMP is neuroinvasive but not neurovirulent. Based on morbidity, mortality, MTD, severity of brain lesions, virus distribution patterns, routes of infection and differences in infection of cultured cells, McM and IMP were identified as high-and low-virulence isolates, respectively.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Virulence variation among isolates of western equine encephalitis virus in an outbred mouse model

Logue

Bosio

Welte

et al. 2009

Journal of General Virology

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“…Peripheral routes of infection result in approximately 50% mortality with intracerebral (IC) or intranasal (IN) challenge resulting in more uniform, dose-dependent mortality depending on strain of virus and background of murine model (Hardy, et al, 1997;Julander, et al, 2007;Liu, et al, 1970). In suckling mice, subcutaneous (SC) inoculation results in rapid, acute disease with uniform mortality by 48 hours post-infection (PI).…”

Section: Mouse Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encephalitic Development in Alphaviral Infection

Paessler¹,

Taylor²

2011

Non-Flavivirus Encephalitis

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Impairing temozolomide resistance driven by glioma stem‐like cells with adjuvant immunotherapy targeting O‐acetyl GD2 ganglioside

Fleurence

Bahri

Fougeray

et al. 2019

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Stem cell chemoresistance remains challenging the efficacy of the front‐line temozolomide against glioblastoma. Novel therapies are urgently needed to fight those cells in order to control tumor relapse. Here, we report that anti‐O‐acetyl‐GD2 adjuvant immunotherapy controls glioma stem‐like cell‐driven chemoresistance. Using patient‐derived glioblastoma cells, we found that glioma stem‐like cells overexpressed O‐acetyl‐GD2. As a result, monoclonal antibody 8B6 immunotherapy significantly increased temozolomide genotoxicity and tumor cell death in vitro by enhancing temozolomide tumor uptake. Furthermore, the combination therapy decreased the expression of the glioma stem‐like cell markers CD133 and Nestin and compromised glioma stem‐like cell self‐renewal capabilities. When tested in vivo, adjuvant 8B6 immunotherapy prevented the extension of the temozolomide‐resistant glioma stem‐like cell pool within the tumor bulk in vivo and was more effective than the single agent therapies. This is the first report demonstrating that anti‐O‐acetyl‐GD2 monoclonal antibody 8B6 targets glioblastoma in a manner that control temozolomide‐resistance driven by glioma stem‐like cells. Together our results offer a proof of concept for using anti‐O‐acetyl GD2 reagents in glioblastoma to develop more efficient combination therapies for malignant gliomas.

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A Comparative Study of the Pathogenesis of Western Equine and Eastern Equine Encephalomyelitis Viral Infections in Mice by Intracerebral and Subcutaneous Inoculations

Cited by 46 publications

References 14 publications

Virulence variation among isolates of western equine encephalitis virus in an outbred mouse model

Virulence variation among isolates of western equine encephalitis virus in an outbred mouse model

Encephalitic Development in Alphaviral Infection

Impairing temozolomide resistance driven by glioma stem‐like cells with adjuvant immunotherapy targeting O‐acetyl GD2 ganglioside

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