A comparative study of the elemental composition of the exhaust emissions of cars powered by liquefied petroleum gas and unleaded petrol

Lim, McKenzie; Ayoko, Godwin A.; Morawska, Lidia; Ristovski, Zoran; Jayaratne, E.R.; Kokot, Serge

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.01.007

Cited by 57 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Chemometrics methods: PCA/data pretreatment Carmody et al (2006) To analyze the kaolinite surface infrared spectra Chemometrics methods: PCA Carmody et al (2007) To select a sorbent for an oil spill application Chemometrics methods: PCA Herngren et al (2006) Ranking the sites and particle sizes from best to worst in terms of heavy metal pollution Chemometrics methods: PCA Hendriks et al (1992) Optimization a coating process of fine granules - Khalil et al (2004) To evaluate and select suitable site for sewage effluent renovation Chemometrics methods: PCA Khalil et al (2005) To select hydrothermal conditions of waste sludge destruction Chemometrics methods: PCA Khelifi et al (2006b) To assess and rank oil regeneration technologies - Kokot et al (1992a) To select a suitable microwave digestion method PCA Kokot et al (1992b) To select a suitable microwave digestion method PCA, SIMCA, and fuzzy clustering Kumar et al (2006) Ranking the alternatives for biomass collection systems - Lerche et al (2002) Ranking 12 high production volume Chemical substances - Lewi et al (1992) Ranking experiments on the quality of treated polyester Pareto optimal points Lim et al (2005) Ranking the air samples and identifying the sources of the pollutants Chemometrics methods: PCA Lim et al (2006) Ranking the cars based on the emission factors powered by liquefied petroleum gas and unleaded petrol Chemometrics methods: PCA Lim et al (2007a) Ranking the emission factors from cars in terms of the types of the fuels Chemometrics methods: PCA Lim et al (2007b) Ranking the emission factors from buses in term of the diesel fuels Chemometrics methods: PCA/PLS Ni et al (2002) Ranking Chemometrics methods according to their performances in industrial electroplating…”

Section: Author(s)mentioning

confidence: 99%

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PROMETHEE: A comprehensive literature review on methodologies and applications

Behzadian

Kazemzadeh

Albadvi

et al. 2010

European Journal of Operational Research

1,318

581

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Section: Author(s)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Albadvi et al (2007),Ayoko et al (2007),Carmody et al (2005),Carmody et al (2006),Carmody et al (2007),Dagdeviren (2008),Herngren et al (2006),Jugović et al (2006),Khalil et al (2005),Lim et al (2005),Lim et al (2006),Lim et al (2007a),Lim et al (2007b),Linkov et al (2006a), Ni et al (2007,Purcell et al (2005),Purcell et al (2007),Settle et al (2007),…”

mentioning

confidence: 95%

PROMETHEE: A comprehensive literature review on methodologies and applications

Behzadian

Kazemzadeh

Albadvi

et al. 2010

European Journal of Operational Research

1,318

581

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…The EF depends on many variables: vehicle size, type, cylinder capacity, fuel mode (gasohol or diesel), type of exhaust technology (with/without catalytic converter); driving style (acceleration and speed); road gradient; and vehicle maintenance (Colberg et al 2005a). The EFs of single vehicles can be measured using chassis dynamometers or simple engine emission measurements (Lim et al 2006;Yang et al 2005;Hausberger et al 2003;Schmitz et al 2000). However, dynamometer tests cannot accurately reflect the potential importance of on-road factors such as actual driving conditions and evaporative emissions from fuel tanks (Kawaashima et al 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vehicular particulate matter emissions in road tunnels in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Sánchez-Ccoyllo

Ynoue

Martins

et al. 2008

Environ Monit Assess

104

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In the metropolitan area of São Paulo, Brazil, ozone and particulate matter (PM) are the air pollutants that pose the greatest threat to air quality, since the PM and the ozone precursors (nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds) are the main source of air pollution from vehicular emissions. Vehicular emissions can be measured inside road tunnels, and those measurements can provide information about emission factors of in-use vehicles. Emission factors are used to estimate vehicular emissions and are described as the amount of species emitted per vehicle distance driven or per volume of fuel consumed. This study presents emission factor data for fine particles, coarse particles, inhalable particulate matter and black carbon, as well as size distribution data for inhalable particulate matter, as measured in March and May of 2004, respectively, in the Jânio Quadros and Maria Maluf road tunnels, both located in São Paulo. The Jânio Quadros tunnel carries mainly light-duty vehicles, whereas the Maria Maluf tunnel carries light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles. In the Jânio Quadros tunnel, the estimated light-duty vehicle emission factors for the trace elements copper and bromine were 261 and 220 microg km(-1), respectively, and 16, 197, 127 and 92 mg km(-1), respectively, for black carbon, inhalable particulate matter, coarse particles and fine particles. The mean contribution of heavy-duty vehicles to the emissions of black carbon, inhalable particulate matter, coarse particles and fine particles was, respectively 29, 4, 6 and 6 times higher than that of light-duty vehicles. The inhalable particulate matter emission factor for heavy-duty vehicles was 1.2 times higher than that found during dynamometer testing. In general, the particle emissions in São Paulo tunnels are higher than those found in other cities of the world.

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“…Improved information about the chemical characteristics of PM emissions is essential to model source contributions and to implement either source-oriented mitigation measures or health protection programmes. Diverse approaches have been used to quantify vehicle emissions, including chassis dynamometer tests (Zielinska et al;2004;Lim et al, 2006) and tunnel studies (Gillies et al, 2001;Phuleria et al, 2006;Lawrence et al, 2013;Pio et al, 2013), but most of the traffic emission profiles have been obtained in USA (Lough et al, 2005(Lough et al, , 2007Ning et al, 2008). However, the European fleet is quite different, with lower engine power and higher % of diesel vehicles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emissions from Light-Duty Diesel and Gasoline in-use Vehicles Measured on Chassis Dynamometer Test Cycles

Alves

Lopes

Calvo

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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The reduction in vehicle exhaust emissions achieved in the last two decades is offset by the growth in traffic, as well as by changes in the composition of emitted pollutants. The present investigation illustrates the emissions of eight in-use gasoline and diesel passenger cars using the official European driving cycle and the ARTEMIS real-world driving cycles. Measurements comprised gaseous regulated pollutants (CO, CO 2 , NO x and hydrocarbons), particulate matter and its carbonaceous content (organic and elemental carbon, OC and EC), as well as about 20 different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the C 6 -C 11 range. It was observed that some of the vehicles do not comply with the corresponding regulations. Significant differences in emissions were registered between driving cycles. Not all regulated pollutants showed a tendency to decrease from Euro 3 to Euro 5. The particulate carbon emission factors were significantly lower under the ARTEMIS Road compared with the ARTEMIS Urban driving cycle with cold start. In general, cold start-up driving conditions produced the highest emission factors. A tendency to the decline of carbonaceous emissions from Euro 3 to Euro 5 diesel vehicles was observed, whilst this trend was not registered for petrol-powered cars. The fraction of total carbon composed of EC was much lower in particles emitted by petrol vehicles (< 10%) than by diesel engines (50-95%). However, the EC content in emissions from more modern vehicles equipped with diesel particulate filter (DPF) is almost negligible. Among VOCs, benzene, toluene and xylenes were generally the dominant species. A significant decrease in emissions from Euro 4 to Euro 5 petrol-powered vehicles was observed. The trend in VOC emissions is unclear when diesel engines are considered. During DPF regeneration cycles, pollutant emissions are several times larger than those during normal engine operation.

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A comparative study of the elemental composition of the exhaust emissions of cars powered by liquefied petroleum gas and unleaded petrol

Cited by 57 publications

References 22 publications

PROMETHEE: A comprehensive literature review on methodologies and applications

PROMETHEE: A comprehensive literature review on methodologies and applications

Vehicular particulate matter emissions in road tunnels in Sao Paulo, Brazil

Emissions from Light-Duty Diesel and Gasoline in-use Vehicles Measured on Chassis Dynamometer Test Cycles

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