A comparative study of two-dimensional and three-dimensional ultrasonography in evaluation of gastric affections in dogs

Abstract

Aim:The objective of the study was to obtain and compare the two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) ultrasonographic images of pathological conditions of the stomach in dogs in clinical cases.Materials and Methods:In our study, 12 clinical conditions of the stomach were recorded using ultrasonography. The ultrasound machine used for this study was 3D ultrasound machine (Nemio-XG: Toshiba, Japan) having four-dimensional volumetric transducer.Results:Present study was done to compare 2D and 3D ultrasonographic images in different gastric affections in dogs. In case of uremic gastropathy due to inflammatory response, the wall of the stomach was 0.6 cm thick and hyperechoic and gastric folds were also hyperechoic indicative of gastritis. In second, third, and fourth case of gastritis the wall of the stomach was 0.7, 0.6, and 0.55 cm, respectively thick and hyperechoic. In fifth and sixth case of gastritis, inflammatory response due to ingestion of polythene and sand led to gastritis and ultrasonographically, the wall of the stomach was 0.6 cm and 0.7 cm thick, respectively, and hyperechoic. In case of gastric ulcer, ultrasonographically, there was a disruption of gastric mucosal layer. In cases of gastric dilatation, anechoic content indicating fluid was seen in stomach area and due to dilatation boundary of the stomach was not clear and the increase in the lumen of the stomach was observed. In case of foreign body, ultrasonographically the wall of the stomach was 0.55 cm thick and hyperechoic. In the middle of the stomach, multiple hyperechoic shadows of the foreign bodies i.e. leather and bunch of straw of grass were observed. In case of pyloric stenosis ultrasonographically, anechoic lumen of the pylorus surrounded by 0.5 cm hypoechoic thickened muscle. In some cases, 3D ultrasonography was not diagnostic i.e. gastric foreign bodies and gastric dilatation. These conditions were better visualized on the 2D sonogram.Conclusion:The appearance of clinical conditions of the stomach such as gastritis and pyloric stenosis were more distinct on 3D ultrasonogram than 2D ultrasonogram. The 3D ultrasonography was not diagnostic in cases of gastric foreign bodies and gastric dilatation.

Pyloric outflow obstruction secondary to sclerosing encapsulating peritonitis in a dog

“…That, combined with the hypochloraemia, increased suspicion for pyloric outflow obstruction. In animals, pyloric outflow obstructions are usually caused by either gastric foreign bodies or mural disease, such as benign muscular pyloric hypertrophy (pyloric stenosis), gastric antral mucosal hypertrophy or gastric neoplasia . These diseases cause proliferation of mucosal and/or muscularis tissue at the distal gastric antrum, thereby occluding pyloric outflow .…”

Monitoring side effects of long‐term NSAID use in dogs with chronic osteoarthritis

“…Ultrasonography of the GI tract may be useful in some patients. The experienced operator may visualise areas of inflammation in the small intestinal mucosa and identify ulcers and gut wall perforations (Pal and others 2015) (Fig 3). The less experienced clinician may detect more advanced lesions that result in free abdominal fluid, using AFAST (abdominal‐focused assessment with sonography for trauma) for example (McMurray and others 2016).…”