A comparative study on in vitro behavior of calcium silicate ceramics synthesized from biowaste resources

Abstract

Calcium silicate ceramics have received significant attention for biomedical applications for their excellent bioactivity and osteoconduction properties. Sol‐gel process is extensively used for the fabrication of calcium silicates. In sol‐gel process, calcium nitrate tetra hydrate (Ca(NO3)2·4H2O) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) are used as precursors. However, these precursors are expensive. The objective of this work was to compare in vitro behavior of calcium silicate (CaSiO3) produced using biowaste such as rice husk ash (RHA) and eggshells (coded; NCS) with CaSiO3 prepared using TEOS and Ca(NO3)2·4H2O (coded; CCS). Thermal investigation results revealed that the crystallization temperature for NCS is relatively lower (772°C) than for CCS (870°C). Bioactivity was studied in vitro using simulated body fluid (SBF) with respect to mineralization rate of hydroxyapatite. Mineralization of a greater hydroxyapatite was observed on NCS ceramics than CCS ceramics after incubation for 3, 7, 14 days in SBF solution, which was confirmed using X‐ray diffractometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive spectroscopy. Degradation studies were conducted in Tris‐HCl solution and the test results revealed that NCS ceramics has lower dissolution rate than CCS ceramics. The antimicrobial assay has shown that NCS samples exhibit significant zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus which confirmed that the CaSiO3 prepared from RHA and eggshell can prevent bacteria from adhering to the surface. In addition cell culture studies revealed that NCS ceramics possess good cytocompatibility with MG‐63 cells and significantly promoted cell proliferation.

Effects of Mullite, Maghemite, and Silver Nanoparticles Incorporated in β-Wollastonite on Tensile Strength, Magnetism, Bioactivity, and Antimicrobial Activity

“…This ion-based alteration could also influence the toxicity and degree of structural integrity. Therefore, the currently prepared βW using calcined limestone and rice husk ash demonstrated possible antibacterial agent doping on microbial growth inhibition, close to other researchers’ findings [ 57 , 58 ]. The mechanism for the antimicrobial action of silver ions is not adequately understood.…”

Bioactivity and Biocompatibility Properties of Sustainable Wollastonite Bioceramics from Rice Husk Ash/Rice Straw Ash: A Review

“…Palakurthy et al [ 70 , 73 ] used a modern sol–gel technique to synthesize calcium silicate; the raw materials for the synthesis of the calcium silicate were derived from rice husk ash and eggshell. Firstly, rice husk was washed and fired at 600 °C for 4 h to obtain rice husk ash for the silica source.…”

Review on calcium silicate‐based bioceramics in bone tissue engineering

“…Moreover, it possesses potential antimicrobial activity, good biocompatibility with MG-63 cells, and considerably stimulated cell growth. 61,62 4 | CALCIUM MAGNESIUM…”

“…The synthesized wollastonite showed excellent in vitro bioactivity and lower degradation rate and consequently low pH change in physiological fluid compared to wollastonite prepared from Ca(NO 3 ) 2 .4H 2 O and TEOS. Moreover, it possesses potential antimicrobial activity, good biocompatibility with MG‐63 cells, and considerably stimulated cell growth 61,62 …”