A comparison and review of the flow cytometric findings in classic Hodgkin lymphoma, nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, T cell/histiocyte rich large B cell lymphoma, and primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma

Abstract

The "Hodgkin-like" lymphomas including classic Hodgkin lymphoma, nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, T cell/histiocyte rich large B cell lymphoma, and primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma have been shown to be pathobiologically related. With the exception of primary mediastinal large B cell lymphoma, these lymphomas have similar morphologic growth patterns with occasional neoplastic cells within a prominent reactive cell background. Historically, distinguishing these entities was difficult by flow cytometry; however, over the past 15 years, our laboratory has developed antibody-fluorochrome combinations capable of accurately distinguishing these entities by their immunoprofile. Additionally, an algorithmic approach based on characterization of the background reactive B-cell and T-cell populations can aid in narrowing the differential diagnosis. This review summarizes both the morphologic and immunophenotypic features and the current flow cytometric insights of the neoplastic and reactive populations found in this unique subset of lymphomas.

Increased IFN‐γ+ and TNF‐α+ mucosal‐associated invariant T cells in patients with aplastic anemia

“…We used a fluorescence minus one (FMO) control to calibrate the markers described above to have a continuous expression pattern in each channel (Martig & Fromm, 2022).…”

The diagnosis and management of suspected lymphoma in general practice

“…For example, Reed-Sternberg cells (pathognomonic of classical HL) have historically been considered to be too big or too sparse to detect using FC, 61 although recent advancements are bridging this gap. 61,62 Apart from leukemic forms of lymphoma, it is rare to see circulating tumor cells. 63 In a real-world study, only 15.4% of clinically suspected lymphoma cases were positive by FC of bone marrow and peripheral blood combined (peripheral blood samples were not analyzed independently).…”

“…This presents challenges in lymphoma. For example, Reed‐Sternberg cells (pathognomonic of classical HL) have historically been considered to be too big or too sparse to detect using FC, 61 although recent advancements are bridging this gap 61,62 . Apart from leukemic forms of lymphoma, it is rare to see circulating tumor cells 63 .…”

Flow-cytometry Assessment of DNA content Analysis and Immunophenotyping of Immune-cells in Lymph-node-specimens as Potential Diagnostic Signature of Aggressiveness in B-Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas

“…This method allows rapid analysis of multiple characteristics in a large number of cells in a short time (Brown and Wittwer, 2000). Cell analysis using FC is based on physical characters that include relative cell size and complexity, and on fluorescent-conjugated-antibody based detection of intracellular or cell surface proteins termed Cluster of Differentiation (CDs) (Martig and Fromm, 2022). In addition to CDs, the use of chemical markers for DNA analysis such as propidium iodide (PI) or DRAQ5, could add important information on the cell cycle including the proliferation and apoptosis status of the cells (Brown and Wittwer, 2000;Martig and Fromm, 2022).…”