A Comparison of Assisted and Unassisted Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Techniques and Static Stretching

Maddigan, Meaghan E.; Peach, Ashley A.; Behm, David G.

doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182510611

Cited by 30 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Similar to other studies (Mahieu et al., ; Maddigan et al., ; Miyahara et al., ), the present study reveals that a PNF stretching program increases RoM. However, although the literature indicates that PNF stretching results in the highest yield of RoM compared with other stretching methods (Sady et al., ; Wallin et al., ; Etnyre & Lee, ; Feland et al., ; Funk et al., ; O'Hora et al., ); RoM increases in the present study are smaller than previously reported by Mahieu et al.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Effect of PNF stretching training on the properties of human muscle and tendon structures

Konrad

Gad

Tilp

2014

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of a 6-week proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching training program on the various parameters of the human gastrocnemius medialis muscle and the Achilles tendon. Therefore, 49 volunteers were randomly assigned into PNF stretching and control groups. Before and after the stretching intervention, we determined the maximum dorsiflexion range of motion (RoM) with the corresponding fascicle length and pennation angle. Passive resistive torque (PRT) and maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the musculo-articular complex were measured with a dynamometer. Muscle-tendon junction (MTJ) displacement allowed us to determine the length changes in tendon and muscle, and hence to calculate stiffness. Mean RoM increased from 31.1 ± 7.2° to 33.1 ± 7.2° (P = 0.02), stiffness of the tendon decreased significantly in both active (from 21.1 ± 8.0 to 18.1 ± 5.5 N/mm) and passive (from 12.1 ± 4.9 to 9.6 ± 3.2 N/mm) conditions, and the pennation angle increased from 18.5 ± 1.8° to 19.5 ± 2.1° (P = 0.01) at the neutral ankle position (90°), only in the intervention group, whereas MVC and PRT values remained unchanged. We conclude that a 6-week PNF stretching training program increases RoM and decreases tendon stiffness, despite no change in PRT.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Effect of PNF stretching training on the properties of human muscle and tendon structures

Konrad

Gad

Tilp

2014

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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“…A number of studies report greater ROM improvements after PNF compared with SS within a single session (Etnyre and Lee 1988;Ferber et al 2002;O'Hora et al 2011). On the other hand, SS has also been shown to provide ROM increases similar to those of PNF within a single session (Condon and Hutton 1987;Maddigan et al 2012). There is also conflict in the DS literature, with some studies reporting that an acute bout of DS provides either similar (Beedle and Mann 2007;Perrier et al 2011) or greater (Duncan and Woodfield 2006;Amiri-Khorasani et al 2011) increases in flexibility than does SS, whereas many other studies have reported that DS was not as effective as SS within a single preactivity routine (Samuel et al 2008;Bacurau et al 2009;Sekir et al 2010;Barroso et al 2012;Paradisis et al 2014).…”

Section: Acute Effects Of Ss Ds and Pnf On Joint Rommentioning

confidence: 99%

Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review

Behm

Blazevich

Kay

et al. 2016

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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509

530

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Abstract:Recently, there has been a shift from static stretching (SS) or proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching within a warm-up to a greater emphasis on dynamic stretching (DS). The objective of this review was to compare the effects of SS, DS, and PNF on performance, range of motion (ROM), and injury prevention. The data indicated that SS-(-3.7%), DS-(+1.3%), and PNF-(-4.4%) induced performance changes were small to moderate with testing performed immediately after stretching, possibly because of reduced muscle activation after SS and PNF. A dose-response relationship illustrated greater performance deficits with ≥60 s (-4.6%) than with <60 s (-1.1%) SS per muscle group. Conversely, SS demonstrated a moderate (2.2%) performance benefit at longer muscle lengths. Testing was performed on average 3-5 min after stretching, and most studies did not include poststretching dynamic activities; when these activities were included, no clear performance effect was observed. DS produced small-to-moderate performance improvements when completed within minutes of physical activity. SS and PNF stretching had no clear effect on all-cause or overuse injuries; no data are available for DS. All forms of training induced ROM improvements, typically lasting <30 min. Changes may result from acute reductions in muscle and tendon stiffness or from neural adaptations causing an improved stretch tolerance. Considering the small-to-moderate changes immediately after stretching and the study limitations, stretching within a warm-up that includes additional poststretching dynamic activity is recommended for reducing muscle injuries and increasing joint ROM with inconsequential effects on subsequent athletic performance.Key words: static stretch, dynamic stretch, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation, ballistic stretch, flexibility, warm-up.Résumé : Depuis peu, on utilise plutôt l'étirement dynamique (« DS ») que l'étirement statique (« SS ») ou la facilitation neuromusculaire proprioceptive (« PNF ») au sein d'une séance d'échauffement. Cette analyse documentaire se propose de comparer les effets de SS, DS et PNF sur la performance, l'amplitude de mouvement (« ROM ») et la prévention de blessures. D'après les données, on observe des modifications de performance faibles à modérées quand l'évaluation est réalisée immédi-atement après la séance d'étirement : SS (-3,7 %), DS (+1,3 %) et PNF (-4,4 %), et ce, possiblement à cause de la diminution de l'activation musculaire consécutive à SS et PNF. La relation dose-réponse révèle une plus grande baisse de performance quand la séance de SS par groupe musculaire ≥60 s (-4,6 %) vs. <60 s (-1,1 %). Par contre, SS suscite un gain modéré de performance (2,2 %) quand le muscle est plus allongé. L'évaluation est réalisée en moyenne 3-5 minutes post-étirement. La plupart des études n'incluent pas des activités dynamiques post-étirement; avec l'inclusion de ces activités, on n'observe pas de modification nette de la performance. DS suscite des gains de performance faibles à modérés...

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“…However others studies have found no significant difference between the static and contract-relax stretching or between static and ballistic techniques in the flexibility gain of hamstring muscles 15,26 . The difference between results observed in this study to those reported in literature are due to the performance of stretching protocols that used the onset of pain sensation as reference, whereas in the present study, maximum tolerance to stretching without pain was used 21 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Comparação do alongamento estático, balístico e contrair-relaxar nos músculos isquiotibiais

2013

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Objetivou-se, por meio deste estudo, comparar o efeito de três técnicas de alongamento muscular (balístico, estático e contrai-relaxa) no ganho imediato de flexibilidade dos músculos isquiotibiais. Foram avaliados 23 sujeitos, de ambos os gêneros [média (DP) idade 21,17 (1,4)]. Todos os voluntários realizaram o alongamento estático, o balístico e o contrai-relaxa. Cada técnica foi realizada em sessão única com intervalo de sete dias entre as sessões. Para avaliar os efeitos imediatos das diferentes técnicas, realizaram-se, antes e após a série de alongamentos, os testes de flexibilidade Sentar e Alcançar e o Teste do Ângulo Poplíteo. Em comparação à linha de base, houve aumento significativo de flexibilidade para o teste do Ângulo Poplíteo após aplicação do alongamento balístico (6,26%) e contrai-relaxa (6,5%), respectivamente (p<0,05). Ao contrair-relaxar as três técnicas em relação ao escore de mudança, encontrou-se diferença considerável no teste do Ângulo Poplíteo para os alongamentos balístico e contrair-relaxar, porém, o Teste Sentar e Alcançar não apresentou relevância. De acordo com esses dados, as técnicas balísticas e -contrair-relaxar foram melhores que a técnica de alongamento estático, e ambas as técnicas mostraram-se igualmente efetivas. As técnicas de alongamento balístico e contrair-relaxar melhoraram a flexibilidade dos músculos isquiotibiais.

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A Comparison of Assisted and Unassisted Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation Techniques and Static Stretching

Cited by 30 publications

References 22 publications

Effect of PNF stretching training on the properties of human muscle and tendon structures

Effect of PNF stretching training on the properties of human muscle and tendon structures

Acute effects of muscle stretching on physical performance, range of motion, and injury incidence in healthy active individuals: a systematic review

Comparação do alongamento estático, balístico e contrair-relaxar nos músculos isquiotibiais

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