A comparison of deoxynivalenol intake and urinary deoxynivalenol in UK adults

Abstract

The relationship between deoxynivalenol (DON) intake and first morning urinary DON was examined in UK adults to validate the latter as a biomarker of human exposure. DON was assessed in first morning samples collected during a period of normal diet, a wheat-restriction intervention diet, and partial wheat-restriction intervention in which bread was allowed. During the partial intervention duplicate bread portions were collected for DON analysis. During the normal diet, partial intervention and full intervention, urinary DON was detected in 198/210 (geometric mean 10.1 ng DON mg(-1) creatinine, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.6-11.6 ng mg(-1); range nd-70.7 ng mg(-1)), in 94/98 (5.9 ng mg(-1), 95% CI 4.8-7.0 ng mg(-1); range nd-28.4 ng mg(-1)), and 17/40 (0.5 ng mg(-1), 95% CI 0.3-0.7 ng mg(-1); range nd-3.3 ng mg(-1)) volunteers, respectively. A strong correlation between DON intake and the urinary biomarker was observed (p <0.001, adjusted r(2) = 0.83) in models adjusting for age, sex and body mass index. These data demonstrate a quantitative correlation between DON exposure and urinary DON, and serve to validate the use of urinary DON as an exposure biomarker.

Human biomonitoring of multiple mycotoxins in the Belgian population: Results of the BIOMYCO study

“…V = daily urine production of adults is 1500 mL and children is 1000 mL (Turner et al, 2010b). BW = body weight (kg) reported in questionnaire.…”

“…Reported by Ezekiel et al (2014) Assumptions made: ER = urinary excretion ratio of DON is 72% (Turner et al, 2010b) = urinary excretion ratio of OTA is 50% (Schlatter et al, 1996). V = daily urine production of adults is 1500 mL and children is 1000 mL (Turner et al, 2010b).…”

“…For the other mycotoxins, these steps of development and validation have significantly advanced in recent years. The urinary sum of free deoxynivalenol (DON) and its glucuronides has been validated as exposure biomarker for DON intake (Turner et al, 2010a(Turner et al, ,2010b. The sphinganine/sphingosine ratio is a useful marker in animals, but it failed to correlate human exposure to fumonisins (Shephard et al, 2007;Van der Westhuizen et al, 2010).…”

A comparative study of the human urinary mycotoxin excretion patterns in Bangladesh, Germany, and Haiti using a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS approach

“…Compounds monitored in this study were deoxynivalenol (DON), deoxynivalenol-3-glucuronide (DON-3-GlcA), T-2-toxin (T-2), HT-2-toxin (HT-2), HT-2-toxin-4-glucuronide (HT-2-4-GlcA), fumonisin B 1 (FB 1 ), aflatoxins (AFB 1 , AFB 2 , AFG 1, AFG 2 , AFM 1 ), zearalenone (ZEA), zearalanone (ZAN), their urinary metabolites α-zearalanol (α-ZEL), and β-zearalanol (β-ZEL) and corresponding 14-O-glucuronic acid conjugates (ZEA-14-GlcA, ZAN-14-GlcA, α/β-ZEL-14-GlcA), ochratoxin A (OTA), and ochratoxin alpha (OT α ), as well as enniatin B (EnB) and dihydrocitrinone (DH-CIT), a urinary metabolite of citrinin (Dunn et al 1983;Ali et al 2015b). Since in previous human or animal studies a good correlation has been observed between dietary mycotoxin intake and urinary excretion, AFM 1 , OTA, DON, FB 1 , and ZEA can be considered as suitable biomarkers of exposure (Zhu et al 1987;Gilbert et al 2001;Šarkanj et al 2013;Turner et al 2010;Riley et al 2012;Gambacorta et al 2013;Muñoz et al 2014). When reliable urinary excretion rates were available, these data were used in our study to calculate the PDI to estimate the human exposure to mycotoxins.…”

A direct assessment of mycotoxin biomarkers in human urine samples by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry

“…In a study carried out in the United Kingdom by Turner et al [1] a strong correlation was found between these urinary metabolites (the sum of the free DON and DON-3Glu) and cereal intake of the study population. Still in a related study performed by the same group of authors, the mean transfer of DON to urine was estimated to be 72% [2]. For these reasons, detecting and or quantifying the sum of these metabolites (DON and DON-3-glucuronide) in human urine has been recommended for biomonitoring of this toxin…”