A comparison of four empathy instruments in simulated patient-medical student interactions

Jarski, Robert; Gjerde, Craig L.; Bratton, Barry; Brown, Donald D.; Matthes, Sandra

doi:10.1097/00001888-198507000-00006

Cited by 23 publications

(23 citation statements)

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“…Less frequently, patients were asked to evaluate the medical student's or physician's empathy, and quite often simulated or standardized patients did the evaluation (see e.g. [25,[103][104][105][106][107][108]). Furthermore, studies and measures that included patients' or physicians' concrete experiences and interpretations in practice seem to be absent.…”

Section: Whose Perspective Was Used To Study Empathy?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Revised version of a scale ''originally developed to measure the attitudes of medical students toward physician empathy'' [144]. The Likert-type items are answered on a seven-point scale (1 = strongly disagree, 7 = strongly agree Hogan's Empathy Scale [58,104,107,111,134,141,142,150,151,155,[193][194][195][196][197][198][199] Self-report through 64 items, responded to on a true/false basis. The items were selected -through a rather complex procedure where some psychologists' conceptions of a highly empathic man and the definition below were cornerstones -from the California Psychological Empathy is defined as the intellectual or imaginative apprehension of another's condition or state of mind without actually experiencing that person's feelings [195] Not explicitly described, but emotions are not explicitly mentioned in the definition of empathy…”

Section: Self-report Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hornblow's empathy rating (inspired by Hogan) [104,107,111] Raters are provided with Hogan's definition of empathy (see above), and descriptions of a highly empathic and non-empathic person, and then asked to rate the physician/ medical student through a seven-point scale (À3 to +3, and zero is ''average''). Rater: peer, observer, simulated patient, or self-report The Group Assessment of Interpersonal Traits (GAIT) [108,204,205] Empathic understanding is one of eight interpersonal qualities in the GAIT.…”

Section: Not Described Not Describedmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Empirical research on empathy in medicine—A critical review

Pedersen

2009

Patient Education and Counseling

246

202

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Section: Whose Perspective Was Used To Study Empathy?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Self-report Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Not Described Not Describedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Empirical research on empathy in medicine—A critical review

Pedersen

2009

Patient Education and Counseling

246

202

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“…3 ✦ MAY/JUNE 2016 223 and counselors [19][20][21] and has been modified for use in the health care setting. [22][23][24] All of the videotapes were reviewed by B.A.P., who was trained by a faculty member who routinely scored resident physician encounters in the department. The training consisted of B.A.P.…”

Section: Pat Ien T-c En T Er Ed Decision M a K Ingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[22][23][24] All of the videotapes were reviewed by B.A.P., who was trained by a faculty member who routinely scored resident physician encounters in the department. The training consisted of B.A.P.…”

Section: Silence or Confusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Encouraging Patient-Centered Care by Including Quality-of-Life Questions on Pre-Encounter Forms

Purkaple

Mold

Chen

2016

The Annals of Family Medicine

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PURPOSE Patient participation in clinical decision making improves outcomes, including quality of life (QOL), but the typical problem-oriented approach may impede consideration of functional goals. We wondered if patients could encourage primary care physicians to pay attention to their QOL goals by writing them on pre-encounter forms. METHODSWe conducted a randomized controlled trial comparing the impact of 2 different pre-visit questionnaires on the content of patient-physician encounters in a family medicine practice at an academic medical center. Using investigatorblinded block randomization, we arranged for 8 faculty and 8 resident physicians to participate in 2 intervention and 2 control videotaped encounters each for a total of 64 encounters. The intervention questionnaire included questions about QOL goals and concerns, while the control questionnaire asked about symptoms. Videotapes were reviewed to determine whether the patients' QOL goals were mentioned and whether they were used in decision making. We also scored encounters using Modified Flanders Interaction Analysis, which assesses and codifies patient and physician communication, and the Modified Carkhuff-Truax Scale, which measures empathy, attending, congruence, and positive regard. RESULTSPatients were able to record QOL goals and concerns, but QOL issues were mentioned in only 2 of the 64 encounters, once by a patient and once by a physician. In neither case was this information used in decision making. More empathy was expressed by physicians during control encounters (P = .03). CONCLUSIONSPatients were able to articulate their QOL goals on paper, but that did not prime them or their physicians to alter the process or content of the clinical encounters. In fact, providing QOL information was associated with reduced physician empathy. Ann Fam Med 2016;14:221-226. doi: 10.1370/afm.1905. INTRODUCTIONP atient participation in clinical decision making improves outcomes, including quality of life (QOL). [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Yet physicians tend to focus on diseases and symptoms rather than on patient-oriented outcomes such as the ability to participate in meaningful life activities. [8][9] This problem-oriented approach is the one taught in most medical schools and reinforced by coding and billing requirements, clinical practice guidelines, and electronic medical record systems.10 Such an indirect approach to goal attainment assumes that patients' health goals will be achieved if their problems can be solved or ameliorated, which may or may not be the case. It has been shown that verbal agreement between patients and physicians concerning what problems need to be addressed facilitates problem-solving and leads to better outcomes.11-12 Perhaps a more direct, patient-centered approach is needed in order to improve clinical decisionmaking and patient QOL.We wondered if patients could encourage their primary care physicians to use a more direct, patient-centered approach to care by using routine pre-encounter forms to alert their physicians to ...

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The Empathic Physician

Zinn¹

1993

Arch Intern Med

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Empathy is a process for understanding an individual's subjective experiences by vicariously sharing that experience while maintaining an observant stance. It is a useful tool in the medical encounter as it provides the physician with a fuller, more personalized view of the patient, and it provides the patient with a sense of connectedness to the physician that may allow him/her to more freely express his/her emotional distress. The roots of empathy are explained as a process that evolves from a developmental substrate with the addition of relevant experience, memory, and fantasy. While understanding the patient alone is a worthwhile goal, the physician's empathic insight can have therapeutic impact by its reflection back on the patient, through the use of language, to express support or sympathy, to justify behavior, or to foster deeper emotional expression.

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A comparison of four empathy instruments in simulated patient-medical student interactions

Cited by 23 publications

References 0 publications

Empirical research on empathy in medicine—A critical review

Empirical research on empathy in medicine—A critical review

Encouraging Patient-Centered Care by Including Quality-of-Life Questions on Pre-Encounter Forms

The Empathic Physician

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