A comparison of<i>Salmonella enteritidis</i>phage types from egg-associated outbreaks and implicated laying flocks

Altekruse, Sean F.; Koehler, Jane E.; Hickman-Brenner, F W; Tauxe, R. V.; Ferris, Kathleen E.

doi:10.1017/s0950268800050639

Cited by 81 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…route of administration. This finding is consistent with the results in an earlier report regarding the murine virulence of human gastroenteritis-associated strains of serovar Enteritidis, representing phage type 4 and phage type 8, which have been the most common subtypes in the United Kingdom and the United States, respectively (1,9,51,75). These serovar Enteritidis strains were highly variable in their capacities to cause murine disease and in their in vitro phenotypes associated with pathogenicity (49).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Human Salmonella Clinical Isolates Distinct from Those of Animal Origin

Heithoff

Shimp

Lau

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The global trend toward intensive livestock production has led to significant public health risks and industry-associated losses due to an increased incidence of disease and contamination of livestock-derived food products. A potential factor contributing to these health concerns is the prospect that selective pressure within a particular host may give rise to bacterial strain variants that exhibit enhanced fitness in the present host relative to that in the parental host from which the strain was derived. Here, we assessed 184 Salmonella enterica human and animal clinical isolates for their virulence capacities in mice and for the presence of the Salmonella virulence plasmid encoding the SpvB actin cytotoxin required for systemic survival and Pef fimbriae, implicated in adherence to the murine intestinal epithelium. All (21 of 21) serovar Typhimurium clinical isolates derived from animals were virulent in mice, whereas many (16 of 41) serovar Typhimurium isolates derived from human salmonellosis patients lacked this capacity. Additionally, many (10 of 29) serovar Typhimurium isolates derived from gastroenteritis patients did not possess the Salmonella virulence plasmid, in contrast to all animal and human bacteremia isolates tested. Lastly, among serovar Typhimurium isolates that harbored the Salmonella virulence plasmid, 6 of 31 derived from human salmonellosis patients were avirulent in mice, which is in contrast to the virulent phenotype exhibited by all the animal isolates examined. These studies suggest that Salmonella isolates derived from human salmonellosis patients are distinct from those of animal origin. The characterization of these bacterial strain variants may provide insight into their relative pathogenicities as well as into the development of treatment and prophylactic strategies for salmonellosis.Salmonella enterica is a significant food-borne pathogen of humans transmitted via the consumption of meat, animal products, and food products (e.g., fruits and vegetables) contaminated with animal waste (24,41,76). Clinical manifestations of human and animal salmonellosis range from self-limiting gastroenteritis to severe bacteremia and typhoid fever. More than 2,300 serovars of S. enterica have been identified and classified previously, typically by serotyping based on antigenic variation in the lipopolysaccharide (O-antigen) and phase 1 (H1) and phase 2 (H2) flagella (22,45,46). Although serotyping has been an epidemiologically useful resource for classifying isolates, it provides relatively limited information regarding bacterial diversity, evolutionary relatedness, and pathogenicity (11,14,18,30,57,61).There are six subspecies of S. enterica, and the vast majority of human and animal infections are caused by strains belonging to subspecies I. In spite of the close genetic relationship among serovars assigned to subspecies I, there are significant differences in virulence, host adaptation, and host specificity (70, 71), and accordingly, they have been categorized into three different groups: broad...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Human Salmonella Clinical Isolates Distinct from Those of Animal Origin

Heithoff

Shimp

Lau

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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“…This work demonstrated that the majority of isolates of particular phage types, such as definitive type 104 (DT104), had a single evolutionary origin, while S. Typhimurium isolates belonging to other phage types, such as DT9 and DT135, seemed to have originated from multiple lineages, indicating a broader host range of the typing phages (177). Phage typing has also identified potential geographical differences among isolates; for example, in the United States, isolates of phage type 8 are the most commonly detected S. Enteritidis isolates, compared to phage type 4 in Europe (178).…”

Section: Role Of Bacteriophages In Salmonella Evolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella Pathogenicity and Host Adaptation in Chicken-Associated Serovars

Foley

Johnson

Ricke

et al. 2013

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

270

218

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SUMMARY Enteric pathogens such as Salmonella enterica cause significant morbidity and mortality. S. enterica serovars are a diverse group of pathogens that have evolved to survive in a wide range of environments and across multiple hosts. S. enterica serovars such as S . Typhi, S . Dublin, and S . Gallinarum have a restricted host range, in which they are typically associated with one or a few host species, while S . Enteritidis and S . Typhimurium have broad host ranges. This review examines how S. enterica has evolved through adaptation to different host environments, especially as related to the chicken host, and continues to be an important human pathogen. Several factors impact host range, and these include the acquisition of genes via horizontal gene transfer with plasmids, transposons, and phages, which can potentially expand host range, and the loss of genes or their function, which would reduce the range of hosts that the organism can infect. S . Gallinarum, with a limited host range, has a large number of pseudogenes in its genome compared to broader-host-range serovars. S. enterica serovars such as S . Kentucky and S . Heidelberg also often have plasmids that may help them colonize poultry more efficiently. The ability to colonize different hosts also involves interactions with the host's immune system and commensal organisms that are present. Thus, the factors that impact the ability of Salmonella to colonize a particular host species, such as chickens, are complex and multifactorial, involving the host, the pathogen, and extrinsic pressures. It is the interplay of these factors which leads to the differences in host ranges that we observe today.

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“…Cases of animal and human salmonellosis have been grossly underestimated due to lack of systematic methods of reporting 27 . Also, whether or not specific incidences are reported depends on intensity of surveillance 34 , submission of isolates for serotyping 84 , severity of illness and association with a recognized outbreak in human populations 1,88,92 . Thus, although outbreaks would easily attract media attention, 80% of all salmonellosis cases occur individually rather than as outbreaks 100 .…”

Section: S Enteritidis and The Burden Of Salmonellosis In Humans Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis: a Mini-review of Contamination Routes and Limitations to Effective Control

Omwandho

Kubota

2010

JARQ

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Salmonellosis is associated with massive public health and economic losses globally. It is estimated to cost poultry farmers in the United States of America up to US$114 million annually. Attempts to develop effective vaccines and eradicate Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) from hen houses are undermined by serious limitations. This article reviews documented contamination routes and limitations to the rapid development of vaccines. Host-parasite interactions and clinical pathology are discussed and methods for reducing S. Enteritidis infection and transmission suggested.

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A comparison ofSalmonella enteritidisphage types from egg-associated outbreaks and implicated laying flocks

Cited by 81 publications

References 12 publications

Human Salmonella Clinical Isolates Distinct from Those of Animal Origin

Human Salmonella Clinical Isolates Distinct from Those of Animal Origin

Salmonella Pathogenicity and Host Adaptation in Chicken-Associated Serovars

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis: a Mini-review of Contamination Routes and Limitations to Effective Control

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