A Comparison of Patients’ Reports on Psychotherapeutic Experience with Psychoanalytic, Nondirective and Adlerian Therapists

Heine, Ralph

doi:10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.1953.7.1.16

Cited by 85 publications

(41 citation statements)

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“…Prior to that time it had generally been assumed that any such external observation might introduce an impurity into the psychotherapeutic situation which would drastically alter or modify it but it was found that, except for some initial selfconsciousness on the part of both the therapist and the patient, the psychotherapeutic process went on as usual. accord with those of Fiedler (2) and Heine (3), that favourable therapeutic results with patients were less dependent upon the theoretical orientations of the therapists than on their experience and personal characteristics. Although all the adherents of each school were deeply convinced that it was their unique interpretations that were responsible for their therapeutic results, it seemed clear that, inasmuch as interpretations within one theoretical framework appeared to be just as effective for patients as those within another, there had to be some therapeutic common denominator cutting across all schools of thought to account for the comparable results.…”

supporting

confidence: 60%

The Nature of the Psychotherapeutic Process Revisited

Marmor

1975

Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal

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Even prior to undertaking this research, as a psychoanalyst, I had long been intrigued by a puzzling question -how was it possible for psychoanalysts of different theoretical orientations to achieve comparable therapeutic results? My own observations, based on first-hand knowledge of scores of analysts from diverse schoolsFreudian, Adlerian, Rankian, Jungian, Sullivanian, Horneyian and others -were in 557

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supporting

confidence: 60%

The Nature of the Psychotherapeutic Process Revisited

Marmor

1975

Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal

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“…The subtlety of this communication is such that casual observation of human dyads is unlikely to reveal the nature of this communication process' (11,189,190,192,201).…”

Section: Attitude To Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…He is attributed with great omniscience, omnipotence, integ rity, dedication, and esoteric knowledge (179). Society's sanction of this role makes him an even more prestigeful figure (11,48,89,104,105,110,129,183,184,258,259).…”

Section: Mechanism Of Interest In the Patientmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Familiar cues for integration decrease, ambiguity and stimulus hunger increase (11,48,66,129,159,177,179), and regressive fantasies (53), guilt , anxiety (26,66,129,183,184,(261)(262)(263)(264)(265)(266)(267), depression (48,(122)(123)(124)(125)(126) and dependency (48,268,269) are stimulated been cited as correlates of suggestibility and the placebo effect (20,26,47,48,66,159,178,179,184,185,254,(263)(264)(265)(266)270).…”

Section: Mechanism Of Interest In the Patientmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Iatroplacebogenics

Shapiro¹

1969

Int Pharmacopsychiatry

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This paper discussed how the psychosociology of the physician contributes to therapeutic and placebo effects. The mechanisms was referred to as iatroplacebogenics, a term describing the study of placebo effects produced by physicians. Iatroplacebogenesis can be direct or indirect. Direct iatroplacebogenesis includes: 1. Attitude to patients, which refers to the therapist’s interest, warmth, friendliness, liking, sympathy, empathy, neutrality, disinterest, hostility, and rejection. 2. Attitude to treatment, which refers to the therapist’s interest, faith, belief, enthusiasm, conviction, commitment, optimism, positive and negative expectations, skepticism, disbelief, and pessimism. 3. Attitude to results, which refers to data distortion caused by random observer effects and by intentional and unintentional nonrandom observer bias. An extensive review of the literature demonstrates that these attitudes of the physician are associated with therapeutic and placebo effects. The explanation of how these factors influence results is less clear, bift the following are suggested: The primary and direct effect of the healer’s interest in the patient is on reduction of guilt. It is also associated with increased potentials for learning, conditioning, suggestibility, catharsis, and it stimulates other factors which have been correlated with placebo effects. The primary and direct effect of the therapist’s interest in treatment is the mobilization of the patient’s hope and optimism. This factor also has a direct effect on reduction of guilt. The direct effect of interest in results is on nonrandom intentional or nonintentional observer bias. Data are influenced, communicated, distorted, and then used to confirm hypotheses. All of these factors may now interact with the potential specific effects of various therapies. Indirect iatroplacebogenesis is a subtle mechanism that has not been considered in the literature. The physician’s interest may be indirect, subtle, and paradoxical. An interest in a theory and method of treatment, despite disinterest in the patient, may produce placebo effects. This occurs when the patient displaces the interest from the therapy to himself and experiences the physician’s interest in his treatment as a personal one. Thus, placebo effects are produced or augmented when the physician is prestigious, dedicated to his theory and therapy, especially if it is of his own innovation, or if he is a recent convert, and when the therapies are elaborate, detailed, expensive, time-consuming, fashionable, esoteric, and dangerous. Data in support of the concept of direct and indirect iatroplacebogenesis were derived from the history of medicine, psychopharmacology, case histories of patients treated with psychochemotherapy and psychoanalysis, and many clinical and experimental studies and observations about placebo and therapeutic effects. The conclusion was reached that although the placebo effect is a multideterminedphenomenon,iatroplacebogenesismay parsimoniously help explain many observations about therapeut...

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“…Heine (1953) reported a study comparing psychoanalytic, nondirective or client-centered, and Adlerian psychotherapy. One of his principle conclusions was that a factor (or factors) common to all schools studied was the therapeutic aspect responsible for the changes secured.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

What Are the Therapeutic Variables in Psychotherapy?

Garfield¹

1974

Psychother Psychosom

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A Comparison of Patients’ Reports on Psychotherapeutic Experience with Psychoanalytic, Nondirective and Adlerian Therapists

Cited by 85 publications

References 0 publications

The Nature of the Psychotherapeutic Process Revisited

The Nature of the Psychotherapeutic Process Revisited

Iatroplacebogenics

What Are the Therapeutic Variables in Psychotherapy?

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