A Comparison of the Leucocyte Count, the Brom Thymol Blue Reaction and the Catalase Content of Freshly Drawn Milk

Prouty, C. C.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(34)93222-7

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…When using bromothymol blue, the first hints of a light green color become evident when milk pH ≥6.64 (Baker and Breed, 1920). Recommended pH cutpoints of ≥6.8 (Prouty, 1934) or ≥7.0 (Udall and Johnson, 1931) at unknown temperature have been suggested to diagnose SCM, similar to the findings in our study. Bromothymol blue has some advantages as a cow-side test to the CMT to diagnose SCM, as bro- , and Hydrion pH paper (dash-dot line; Microessential Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY) to detect subclinical mastitis (SCM, defined as SCC >200,000 cells/mL) at dry off.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…Blood and extracellular fluid components in inflamed quarters mix with secreted milk (Zhao and Lacasse, 2008) and increase milk pH, with the magnitude of the increase being positively associated with the severity of the inflammatory process (Ashworth et al, 1967;Wielgosz-Groth and Groth, 2003;Batavani et al, 2007;El Badawy et al, 2015;Qayyum et al, 2016). Measurement of milk pH may therefore provide a useful test for identifying quarters with SCM and IMI, and consequently several studies were conducted in the 1920s and 1930s that evaluated milk pH as a diagnostic test (Baker and Breed, 1920;Stableforth, 1930;Udall and Johnson, 1931;Cherrington et al, 1933;Prouty, 1934). The test methodology at that time was laboratory based, and this requirement affected the widespread adoption of milk pH as a screening test for SCM and IMI.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The pH is estimated using a double indicator colorimetric system (methyl red, bromothymol blue) that produces a pH-dependent change in color from orange (pH = 5.0) passing through yellow and green to greenish-blue (pH = 8.5). The Multistix strips were considered a promising candidate for the on-farm measurement of milk pH because bromothymol blue has been extensively used to diagnose SCM for 100 yr, initially as a test-tube laboratory test (Baker and Breed, 1920;Udall and Johnson, 1931;Prouty, 1934) and then as a cow-side test by applying a drop of milk to filter paper containing bromothymol blue (Marschke and Kitchen, 1985). A commercially available cellulose-based strip impregnated with bromothymol blue is available in India and the Middle East as a screening test for SCM (Mastrip, Ayurvet Ltd., Delhi, India;Langer et al, 2014;Sundareshan et al, 2014;Tawfik et al, 2014), but is not available in North America or Europe.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ability of milk pH to predict subclinical mastitis and intramammary infection in quarters from lactating dairy cattle

Kandeel

Megahed

Ebeid

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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Milk pH is increased in lactating dairy cattle with subclinical mastitis (SCM) and intramammary infection (IMI). We hypothesized that milk pH testing provides an accurate, low-cost, and practical on-farm method for diagnosing SCM and IMI. The main objective was to evaluate the clinical utility of measuring milk pH using 3 tests of increasing pH resolution: Multistix 10 SG Reagent Strips for Urinalysis (Multistix strips, Bayer HealthCare Inc., Elkhart, IN), pH Hydrion paper (Microessential Laboratory, Brooklyn, NY), and Piccolo plus pH meter (Hanna Instruments, Woonsocket, RI), for diagnosing SCM and IMI in dairy cattle. Quarter foremilk samples were collected from 115 dairy cows at dry off and 92 fresh cows within 4 to 7 d postcalving. Quarter somatic cell count (SCC) was measured using a DeLaval cell counter (DeLaval, Tumba, Sweden), with SCM defined as SCC >200,000 cells/mL and IMI defined as SCC >100,000 cells/mL and the presence of microorganisms at ≥10 cfu/mL of milk. Milk pH was measured at 37°C using the 3 test methods. The Hydrion pH paper performed poorly in diagnosing SCM and IMI. Receiver operating curve analysis provided optimal pH cutpoints for diagnosing SCM for the pH meter (dry off, ≥6.67; freshening, ≥6.52) and Multistix strips (dry off and freshening, ≥7.0). Test performance of the pH meter and Multistix strips was poor to fair based on area under the receiver operating curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio, and kappa coefficient. The pH meter and Multistix strips performed poorly in diagnosing IMI at dry off and freshening. We concluded that milk pH does not provide a clinically useful method for diagnosing SCM or IMI in dairy cattle.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Ability of milk pH to predict subclinical mastitis and intramammary infection in quarters from lactating dairy cattle

Kandeel

Megahed

Ebeid

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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“…Leukocyte counting rapidly emerged as a practical and repeatable test but general ignorance about the nature of inflammatory responses to IMI made it difficult for early researchers to agree upon an apparently healthy threshold. Although thresholds used for defining mastitis were highly variable (reaching 3,000,000 cells/mL), an early comparative study noted that most milk samples from apparently healthy glands contained <100,000 cells/mL and identified approximately 200,000 to 250,000 cells/mL as a reasonable threshold for discriminating healthy and abnormal milk samples (Prouty, 1934). However, this threshold was not adopted uniformly for many years, probably because the overall prevalence of cows with subclinical infections was quite high and researchers could not arrive at a consensus for defining normal milk.…”

Section: Diagnosis and Impact Of Mastitismentioning

confidence: 99%

A 100-Year Review: Mastitis detection, management, and prevention

Ruegg

2017

Journal of Dairy Science

647

475

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Mastitis is the most frequent disease of dairy cows and has well-recognized detrimental effects on animal wellbeing and dairy farm profitability. Since the beginning of modern dairy farming, producers have sought effective methods to minimize the occurrence of mastitis in their herds. The objective of this paper is to review and highlight important advances in detection, management, and prevention of mastitis that have occurred since the first volume of the Journal of Dairy Science was published in 1917. Initial research efforts were directed at understanding the nature of pathogenic bacteria that were responsible for most intramammary infections. For decades, researchers worked to identify effective strategies to control mastitis caused by Streptococcus agalactiae and Staphylococcus aureus. To develop successful control programs, mastitis workers first had to identify mechanisms of infection, define the clinical and subclinical states of the disease, discover appropriate screening tests, determine likely points of exposure, identify pathogen-specific characteristics, and develop effective procedures for machine milking. Pioneering researchers eventually recognized that mastitis control was based on preventing new infections from occurring in healthy cows and reducing the duration that cows remained infected. Development of a control program that incorporated post-milking teat dipping, hygienic milking procedures, and strategic use of antibiotic therapy at dry-off resulted in widespread control of contagious pathogens. As herd management changed, researchers were tasked with defining control of mastitis caused by opportunistic pathogens originating from environmental sources. As mastitis pathogens have evolved, researchers have sought to define antimicrobial usage that will maintain animal wellbeing while minimizing unnecessary usage. During the last century, tremendous significant advances in mastitis control have been made but changing herd structure and more rigorous processor standards ensure that mastitis will remain an important subject focus of future research.

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“…Koning (1908 ) and Gratz & Naray (1912), used the catalase test to detect mastitis. Prouty (1934) investigated the extent to which CT reactions corresponded to the actual cell content, and reported a poor correlation within the limits of 2.5X105 -lOX 105 cells per ml. Much the same result was obtained by Andersen.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Relationship Between the California Mastitis Test, Whiteside Test, Brabant Mastitis Reaction, Catalase Test, and Direct Cell Counting of Milk

Astermark¹,

Funke²,

Engan-Skei³

1969

Acta Vet Scand

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A Comparison of the Leucocyte Count, the Brom Thymol Blue Reaction and the Catalase Content of Freshly Drawn Milk

Cited by 9 publications

References 5 publications

Ability of milk pH to predict subclinical mastitis and intramammary infection in quarters from lactating dairy cattle

Ability of milk pH to predict subclinical mastitis and intramammary infection in quarters from lactating dairy cattle

A 100-Year Review: Mastitis detection, management, and prevention

The Relationship Between the California Mastitis Test, Whiteside Test, Brabant Mastitis Reaction, Catalase Test, and Direct Cell Counting of Milk

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