A Comparison of Throwing Kinematics between Youth Baseball Players with and Without a History of Medical Elbow Pain

Huang, Yung-Hsien

doi:10.4077/cjp.2010.amk026

Cited by 53 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Euler angle decomposition sequences were used to describe both the position and orientation of the trunk following the International Society of Biomechanics standards. 21,22 All segment axes systems were the same as the global coordinate system. The trunk segment was defined by the T1 and S1 sensors.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trunk Lean During a Single-Leg Squat Is Associated With Trunk Lean During Pitching

Plummer

Oliver

Powers

et al. 2018

Intl J Sports Phys Ther

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Background: Impaired trunk motion during pitching may be a risk factor for upper extremity injuries. Specifically, increased forces about the shoulder and elbow have been observed in pitchers with excessive contralateral trunk lean during pitching. Because of the difficulty in identifying abnormal trunk motions during a high-speed task such as pitching, a clinical screening test is needed to identify pitchers who have impaired trunk motion during pitching. Hypothesis/Purpose:The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the degree of lateral trunk lean during the single-leg squat and amount of trunk lean during pitching and if trunk lean during pitching can be predicted from lean during the single-leg squat.Study Design: Controlled Laboratory Study; Cross-sectional.Methods: Seventy-three young baseball pitchers (11.4 ± 1.7 years; 156.3 ± 11.9 cm; 50.5 ± 8.8 kg) participated. An electromagnetic tracking system was used to obtain trunk kinematic data during a single-leg squat task (lead leg) and at maximum shoulder external rotation of a fastball pitch. Pearson correlation coefficients for trunk lean during the single-leg squat and pitching were calculated. A linear regression analysis was performed to determine if trunk lean during pitching can be predicted from lean during the single-leg squat.Results: There was a positive correlation between trunk lean during the single-leg squat and trunk lean during pitching (r= 0.53; p<0.001). Lateral trunk lean during the single-leg squat predicted the amount of lateral trunk lean during pitching (R 2 = 0.28; p< 0.001).Conclusions: A moderate positive correlation was observed between trunk lean during an SLS and pitching. Trunk lean during the single-leg squat explained 28% of the variance in trunk lean during pitching. Level of Evidence: Diagnosis, level 3

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trunk Lean During a Single-Leg Squat Is Associated With Trunk Lean During Pitching

Plummer

Oliver

Powers

et al. 2018

Intl J Sports Phys Ther

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“…This greater angle of rotation suggests that this group may be generating a larger valgus torque across their elbow, 1,19,20 which is a risk factor for medial elbow pain and injury. 2,12 Increased strength, along with age and experience, are causes of greater external rotation, which would lead to greater valgus torque. 11,13 These results, which only looked at age and experience, suggest that the motion changes related to this increase may be due to pitching experience.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elbow Biomechanics of Pitching

Fehr

Damrow

Kilian

et al. 2016

Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach

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Background:Elbow pain and elbow injuries are common in youth baseball players. It is not clear whether pitching experience and/or age creates biomechanical differences at the elbow and whether these differences place an athlete at greater risk.Hypotheses:(1) Youth pitchers will have differing elbow kinematics with regard to flexion/extension, internal/external rotation, and pronation/supination when compared with nonbaseball athletes and (2) younger youth pitchers will have differing elbow kinematics when compared with older youth pitchers.Study Design:Case-control study.Level of Evidence:Level 4.Methods:Twenty-seven healthy male youths age 10 to 18 years were recruited and divided into an experience group (n = 18 pitchers) and a no experience group (n = 9 nonbaseball athletes). The experience group was subdivided by age into the younger experience subgroup (n = 10 pitchers) and the older experience subgroup (n = 8 pitchers). Biomechanics were recorded using an electromagnetic motion tracking system. Subjects from each group were averaged together, and a Mann-Whitney U test was utilized for statistical analysis.Results:The experience group had greater external rotation during late cocking (−47.8° vs 5.8°) and greater flexion during early cocking (112.8° vs 100.1°). The younger experience subgroup had greater range of motion with supination-pronation during early cocking (21.9° vs 11.2°) and late cocking (5.9° vs 2.0°).Conclusion:Youth athletes with pitching experience had an increase in maximal external rotation in late cocking and maximal flexion in early cocking, which suggests experience may be a factor to these parameters. The age of experienced baseball pitchers may be a factor due to differences observed with supination and pronation.Clinical Relevance:Learning to throw is a skill that leads to changes in elbow motion; however, these changes may be stable once athletes reach grade school age. Minimal differences were noted between the younger and older experience subgroups, which may underscore the importance of teaching proper mechanics at a young age.

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“…The ankle and knee joints were defined as the midpoint between the digitized medial and lateral malleoli and medial and lateral femoral condyles, respectively, whereas the spinal column was defined as the digitized space between C7-T1 and T12-L1. A rotation method, validated as capable of providing accurate positional data, was utilized to estimate the hip joint centers [20]. Hip joint centers were calculated from the rotation of the femur relative to the pelvis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-Leg Squat Performance and Reported Pain within Youth Softball Players

et al. 2020

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The purpose of this study was to assess single-leg squat (SLS) performance on reported pain. Forty-two youth softball athletes (13.0 ± 2.0 years; 162.19 ± 9.75 cm; 60.80 ± 14.28 kg) completed a bilateral SLS and a health history questionnaire in which they indicated if they were currently experiencing any pain/discomfort. Due to the clinical significance of the current study, p < 0.10 was classified as nearing significance. A point-biserial correlation was run between the groups (pain and no pain) and all kinematic variables (maximal knee flexion, knee valgus/varus, vertical sacrum displacement, anterior pelvic tilt, and pelvic lateral tilt) at each event (45 • descent, maximal knee flexion, and 45 • ascent), across each phase (descent, ascent), and between legs. Increased vertical sacrum displacement was correlated with pain at 45 • ascent and at maximal knee flexion in the right SLS. Knee valgus at maximal knee flexion, 45 • ascent, and in the decent phase of the left SLS was significant. Anterior pelvic tilt in the decent phase of the left SLS and knee valgus and pelvic lateral tilt in the decent phase of the right SLS were found to be significantly correlated with pain. Poor SLS performance was correlated with reported pain.

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A Comparison of Throwing Kinematics between Youth Baseball Players with and Without a History of Medical Elbow Pain

Cited by 53 publications

References 20 publications

Trunk Lean During a Single-Leg Squat Is Associated With Trunk Lean During Pitching

Trunk Lean During a Single-Leg Squat Is Associated With Trunk Lean During Pitching

Elbow Biomechanics of Pitching

Single-Leg Squat Performance and Reported Pain within Youth Softball Players

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