A composite hydrogel scaffold based on collagen and carboxymethyl chitosan for cartilage regeneration through one-step chemical crosslinking

The formation of a bacterial biofilm on an infected wound can impede drug penetration and greatly thwart the healing process. Thus, it is essential to develop a wound dressing that can inhibit the growth of and remove biofilms, facilitating the healing of infected wounds. In this study, optimized eucalyptus essential oil nanoemulsions (EEO NEs) were prepared from eucalyptus essential oil, Tween 80, anhydrous ethanol, and water. Afterward, they were combined with a hydrogel matrix physically cross-linked with Carbomer 940 (CBM) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) to prepare eucalyptus essential oil nanoemulsion hydrogels (CBM/CMC/EEO NE). The physical-chemical properties, in vitro bacterial inhibition, and biocompatibility of EEO NE and CBM/CMC/EEO NE were extensively investigated and the infected wound models were proposed to validate the in vivo therapeutic efficacy of CBM/CMC/EEO NE. The results showed that the average particle size of EEO NE was 15.34 ± 3.77 nm with PDI ˂ 0.2, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of EEO NE was 15 mg/mL, and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against S. aureus was 25 mg/mL. The inhibition and clearance of EEO NE against S. aureus biofilm at 2×MIC concentrations were 77.530 ± 7.292% and 60.700 ± 3.341%, respectively, demonstrating high anti-biofilm activity in vitro. CBM/CMC/EEO NE exhibited good rheology, water retention, porosity, water vapor permeability, and biocompatibility, meeting the requirements for trauma dressings. In vivo experiments revealed that CBM/CMC/EEO NE effectively promoted wound healing, reduced the bacterial load of wounds, and accelerated the recovery of epidermal and dermal tissue cells. Moreover, CBM/CMC/EEO NE significantly down-regulated the expression of two inflammatory factors, IL-6 and TNF-α, and up-regulated three growth-promoting factors, TGF-β1, VEGF, and EGF. Thus, the CBM/CMC/EEO NE hydrogel effectively treated wounds infected with S. aureus, enhancing the healing process. It is expected to be a new clinical alternative for healing infected wounds in the future.

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“…An assay was performed with reference to the method of Lin et al [ 43 ]. All samples were measured in triplicate.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential Oil Nanoemulsion Hydrogel with Anti-Biofilm Activity for the Treatment of Infected Wounds

et al. 2023

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“…Further, RGD peptide was additionally included into the mixture in order to enhance the scaffold's biocompatibility and adhesiveness. These gels were recommended for cartilage regeneration [297]. Crosslinked Coll can absorb high amounts of water and can act as a self-standing electrolyte membrane in an aqueous electrolyte used for electrochemical devices [298].…”

Section: Collagenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of Bioinspired Hydrogels: From Structure to Applications

Lupu¹,

Grădinaru²,

Gradinaru

et al. 2023

Gels

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Hydrogels are three-dimensional networks with a variety of structures and functions that have a remarkable ability to absorb huge amounts of water or biological fluids. They can incorporate active compounds and release them in a controlled manner. Hydrogels can also be designed to be sensitive to external stimuli: temperature, pH, ionic strength, electrical or magnetic stimuli, specific molecules, etc. Alternative methods for the development of various hydrogels have been outlined in the literature over time. Some hydrogels are toxic and therefore are avoided when obtaining biomaterials, pharmaceuticals, or therapeutic products. Nature is a permanent source of inspiration for new structures and new functionalities of more and more competitive materials. Natural compounds present a series of physico-chemical and biological characteristics suitable for biomaterials, such as biocompatibility, antimicrobial properties, biodegradability, and nontoxicity. Thus, they can generate microenvironments comparable to the intracellular or extracellular matrices in the human body. This paper discusses the main advantages of the presence of biomolecules (polysaccharides, proteins, and polypeptides) in hydrogels. Structural aspects induced by natural compounds and their specific properties are emphasized. The most suitable applications will be highlighted, including drug delivery, self-healing materials for regenerative medicine, cell culture, wound dressings, 3D bioprinting, foods, etc.

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“…29 In recent years, TGF-β3 had been used in therapeutic treatments of OA because it could promote the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and their migration to cartilage defects. 8,9 Limited studies have explored the effects of TGF-β3 on mitochondria. It has been demonstrated that reduced TGF-β3 release can contribute to obesity, insulin resistance, and fatty liver disease.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The aetiology of OA remains uncertain. Throughout the pathological progression of OA, various factors stimulate chondrocyte catabolism and disrupt cartilage homeostasis 8,9 . In OA conditions, chondrocytes display heightened catabolism and impaired mitochondrial function, leading to articular cartilage injury and matrix degradation 10,11 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…TGF‐β3 also exerts anti‐inflammatory and pro‐inflammatory effects in different states of cartilage by mediating the Smad2/3 pathway and the Smad1/5/8 pathway, respectively 29 . In recent years, TGF‐β3 had been used in therapeutic treatments of OA because it could promote the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and their migration to cartilage defects 8,9 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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TGF‐β3 mediates mitochondrial dynamics through the p‐Smad3/AMPK pathway

Du,

Duan,

Kan

et al. 2023

Cell Proliferation

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It is well recognized that mitochondrial dynamics plays a vital role in cartilage physiology. Any perturbation in mitochondrial dynamics could cause disorders in cartilage metabolism and even lead to the occurrence of cartilage diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA). TGF‐β3, as an important growth factor that appears in the joints of OA disease, shows its great potential in chondrocyte growth and metabolism. Nevertheless, the role of TGF‐β3 on mitochondrial dynamics is still not well understood. Here we aimed to investigate the effect of TGF‐β3 on mitochondrial dynamics of chondrocytes and reveal its underlying bio‐mechanism. By using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for the number and morphology of mitochondria, western blotting for the protein expressions, immunofluorescence for the cytoplasmic distributions of proteins, and RNA sequencing for the transcriptome changes related to mitochondrial dynamics. We found that TGF‐β3 could increase the number of mitochondria in chondrocytes. TGF‐β3‐enhanced mitochondrial number was via promoting the mitochondrial fission. The mitochondrial fission induced by TGF‐β3 was mediated by AMPK signaling. TGF‐β3 activated canonical p‐Smad3 signaling and resultantly mediated AMPK‐induced mitochondrial fission. Taken together, these results elucidate an understanding of the role of TGF‐β3 on mitochondrial dynamics in chondrocytes and provide potential cues for therapeutic strategies in cartilage injury and OA disease in terms of energy metabolism.

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A composite hydrogel scaffold based on collagen and carboxymethyl chitosan for cartilage regeneration through one-step chemical crosslinking

Cited by 18 publications

References 37 publications

Essential Oil Nanoemulsion Hydrogel with Anti-Biofilm Activity for the Treatment of Infected Wounds

Essential Oil Nanoemulsion Hydrogel with Anti-Biofilm Activity for the Treatment of Infected Wounds

Diversity of Bioinspired Hydrogels: From Structure to Applications

TGF‐β3 mediates mitochondrial dynamics through the p‐Smad3/AMPK pathway

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