A Comprehensive and Accurate Analytical SPAD Model for Circuit Simulation

Zhou, Cheng; Xin, Zheng; Palubiak, Darek; Deen, M. Jamal; Peng, Hao

doi:10.1109/ted.2016.2537879

Cited by 48 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…The use of CMOS single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) in biomedical sensing and imaging has increased over time thanks to their performance in terms of fast acquisition, high sensitivity and portability [1]. Typical applications include fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) [2], fluorescence [3], Raman spectroscopy [4], positron emission tomography (PET) detectors [5], and x-ray sensing [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Noise and High Photodetection Probability SPAD in 180 nm Standard CMOS Technology

Accarino

Al-Rawhani

Shah

et al. 2018

2018 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)

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A square shaped, low noise and high photoresponse single photon avalanche diode suitable for circuit integration, implemented in a standard CMOS 180 nm high voltage technology, is presented. In this work, a p+ to shallow nwell junction was engineered with a very smooth electric field profile guard ring to attain a photo detection probability peak higher than 50% with a median dark count rate lower than 2 Hz/µm 2 when operated at an excess bias of 4 V. The reported timing jitter full width at half maximum is below 300 ps for 640 nm laser pulses.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low Noise and High Photodetection Probability SPAD in 180 nm Standard CMOS Technology

Accarino

Al-Rawhani

Shah

et al. 2018

2018 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS)

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“…T HE use of CMOS single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) in biomedical sensing and imaging has increased as a consequence of their performance in terms of fast acquisition, high sensitivity and portability [1].Typical applications include fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) [2]- [7], fluorescence [8], point-of-care testing (POCT) [9], Raman spectroscopy [10], positron emission tomography (PET) [11], endoscopic TOF PET [6], x-ray sensing [12], time-resolved spectroscopy [13], 3D vision and LIDAR [14]- [20], and quantum imaging [21]. All these applications require high sensitivity and extremely fast timing resolution of the order of picoseconds [22].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A $64\times64$ SPAD Array for Portable Colorimetric Sensing, Fluorescence and X-Ray Imaging

et al. 2019

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We present the design and application of a 64 × 64 pixel SPAD array to portable colorimetric sensing, and fluorescence and x-ray imaging. The device was fabricated on an unmodified 180 nm CMOS process and is based on a square p+/n active junction SPAD geometry suitable for detecting green fluorescence emission. The stand-alone SPAD shows a photodetection probability greater than 60% at 5 V excess bias, with a dark count rate of less than 4 cps/µm 2 and sub-ns timing jitter performance. It has a global shutter with an in-pixel 8-bit counter; four 5-bit decoders and two 64-to-1 multiplexer blocks allow the data to be read-out. The array of sensors was able to detect fluorescence from a fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) solution down to a concentration of 900 pM with an SNR of 9.8 dB. A colorimetric assay was performed on top of the sensor array with a limit of quantification of 3.1 µm. X-rays images, using energies ranging from 10 kVp to 100 kVp, of a lead grating mask were acquired without using a scintillation crystal.

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“…Due to this clock synchronization issue of the digital SPAD, the analog SPAD without the counter is considered in this paper, where equally weighted current steering digital-to-analog converters (D/A) [12,15] are employed to generate current signals, and a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) is optionally applied to enhance the bandwidth. Therefore, there exists additive Gaussian thermal noise [12,16], which distorts the output signal of the SPADs. In this paper, the PoissonGaussian (P-G) mixed noise model is investigated in the SPAD-based PAM system.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Receiver design for SPAD-based VLC systems under Poisson–Gaussian mixed noise model

2017

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Single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) is a promising photosensor because of its high sensitivity to optical signals in weak illuminance environment. Recently, it has drawn much attention from researchers in visible light communications (VLC). However, existing literature only deals with the simplified channel model, which only considers the effects of Poisson noise introduced by SPAD, but neglects other noise sources. Specifically, when an analog SPAD detector is applied, there exists Gaussian thermal noise generated by the transimpedance amplifier (TIA) and the digital-to-analog converter (D/A). Therefore, in this paper, we propose an SPADbased VLC system with pulse-amplitude-modulation (PAM) under Poisson-Gaussian mixed noise model, where Gaussian-distributed thermal noise at the receiver is also investigated. The closed-form conditional likelihood of received signals is derived using the Laplace transform and the saddle-point approximation method, and the corresponding quasi-maximum-likelihood (quasi-ML) detector is proposed. Furthermore, the Poisson-Gaussian-distributed signals are converted to Gaussian variables with the aid of the generalized Anscombe transform (GAT), leading to an equivalent additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel, and a hard-decision-based detector is invoked. Simulation results demonstrate that, the proposed GAT-based detector can reduce the computational complexity with marginal performance loss compared with the proposed quasi-ML detector, and both detectors are capable of accurately demodulating the SPADbased PAM signals. Technol. Lett. 27(9), 943-946 (2015). 10. J. Zhang, L. Si-Ma, B. Wang, J. Zhang, and Y. Zhang, "Low-complexity receivers and energy-efficient constellations for SPAD VLC systems," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett. 28(17), 1041-1135 (2016). 11. F. Anscombe, "The transformation of Poisson, binomial and negativebinomial data," Biometrika 35(3-4), 246-254 (1948).

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A Comprehensive and Accurate Analytical SPAD Model for Circuit Simulation

Cited by 48 publications

References 35 publications

Low Noise and High Photodetection Probability SPAD in 180 nm Standard CMOS Technology

Low Noise and High Photodetection Probability SPAD in 180 nm Standard CMOS Technology

A $64\times64$ SPAD Array for Portable Colorimetric Sensing, Fluorescence and X-Ray Imaging

Receiver design for SPAD-based VLC systems under Poisson–Gaussian mixed noise model

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