Two studies arc reported. The first presents the standardization of the 16-scale Clarke Parent-Child Relations Questionnaire (PCR) for adults. The scales sample separately for mother and father retrospective reports of aggressiveness, strictness, affection, indulgence, competence, and identification. Results suggest that the PCR is a useful clinical and research instrument. There was little bias from IQ, social desirability, or education, and 14 of the 16 scales tended to be internally consistent. Factor analysis showed a moderate convergence among the scales as well as uniqueness. Two bipolar factors emerged, one for mother and one for father. The factors contrasted aggressiveness and strictness at one pole with affection, indulgence, and identification at the other. The second study compared seven sexually deviant male groups with normal controls. Results showed that homosexual groups reported significantly more hostile relationships and low identification with father, whereas deviants who preferred immature partners reported aggression, strictness, and low affection in mother relationships. The test has been computerized. Levy's (1943) study on maternal overprotection and with J'ercival Symonds' largely anecdotal work (1949) in which he coined the term parent-child relations (PCR). In 1969, Goldin reviewed the children's questionnaire studies in this field to date and uncovered some encouragingtrends, namely, three recurring factors of parent-child relations. He identified the relevant factors of parent behavior as loving, demanding, and punishing.
Systematic work on parent-child relationships began with DavidSeveral questionnaires have been devised to sample parent-child relations, but these have been directed mainly to children (Siegelman, 1965), whereas those aimed at adults (Roe & Siegelman, 1963;Schaefer & Bell, 1958) have not received adequate standarcli-Acknowledgments are due to the following research assistants, who contributed greatly to the project, and to the Clarke Institute for funding them: Eva Dakar,