A comprehensive evaluation of PM2.5-bound PAHs and their derivative in winter from six megacities in China: Insight the source-dependent health risk and secondary reactions

Sun, Jian; Shen, Zhenxing; Zhang, Tian; Kong, Shaofei; Zhang, Hongai; Zhang, Qian; Niu, Xinyi; Huang, Shasha; Xu, Hongmei; Ho, Kin-Fai; Cao, Junji

doi:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107344

Cited by 45 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Cancer risks (CR) were estimated according to Equation (5):

where SF is the cancer slope factor for BaP and is set to 3.14 × 10 −3 (kg·day·µg −1 ), C is the total TEQ concentration for PAHs in indoor environment (µg·m −3 ), IR refers to the inhalation rate (m 3 ·h −1 ), ET refers to the exposure duration (h·day −1 ), ED is the total number of exposure days, BW stands for the body weight (kg), AL is the average lifetime (year), NY is the total number of days in 1 year (365 day·year −1 ). All parameters were obtained from Sun et al, as shown in Supplementary Table S4 [ 28 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Particle Partitioning of PAHs Emissions from Typical Solid Fuel Combustions as Well as Their Health Risk Assessment in Rural Guanzhong Plain, China

Zhang

Peng

et al. 2023

Toxics

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Air pollutants from the incomplete combustion of rural solid fuels are seriously harmful to both air quality and human health. To quantify the health effects of different fuel–stove combinations, gas and particle partitioning of twenty-nine species of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) emitted from seven fuel–stove combinations were examined in this study, and the benzo (a) pyrene toxicity equivalent (BaPeq) and cancer risks were estimated accordingly. The results showed that the gas phase PAHs (accounting for 68–78% of the total PAHs) had higher emission factors (EFs) than particulate ones. For all combustion combinations, pPAHs accounted for the highest proportion (84.5% to 99.3%) in both the gas and particulate phases, followed by aPAHs (0.63–14.7%), while the proportions of nPAHs and oPAHs were much lower (2–4 orders of magnitude) than pPAHs. For BaPeq, particulate phase PAHs dominated the BaPeq rather than gas ones, which may be due to the greater abundance of 5-ring particle PAHs. Gas and particle pPAHs were both predominant in the BaPeq, with proportions of 95.2–98.6% for all combustion combinations. Cancer risk results showed a descending order of bituminous coal combustion (0.003–0.05), biomass burning (0.002–0.01), and clean briquette coal combustion (10−5–0.001), indicating that local residents caused a severe health threat by solid fuel combustion (the threshold: 10−4). The results also highlighted that clean briquette coal could reduce cancer risks by 1–2 orders of magnitude compared to bulk coal and biomass. For oPAH, BcdPQ (6H-benzo(c,d)pyrene-6-one) had the highest cancer risk, ranging from 4.83 × 10−5 to 2.45 × 10−4, which were even higher than the total of aPAHs and nPAHs. The dramatically high toxicity and cancer risk of PAHs from solid fuel combustion strengthened the necessity and urgency of clean heating innovation in Guanzhong Plain and in similar places.

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“…Cancer risks (CR) were estimated according to Equation (5):

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gas Particle Partitioning of PAHs Emissions from Typical Solid Fuel Combustions as Well as Their Health Risk Assessment in Rural Guanzhong Plain, China

Zhang

Peng

et al. 2023

Toxics

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“…It is reported that in most cities, fluoranthene and pyrene are the two most common PAH congeners. 23 Numerous studies have found similarities in the patterns of NPAH congeners in air samples. In general, 9nitroanthracene is found to have the highest concentration in the particulate phase, followed by the sum of 2-nitrofluoranthene and 3-nitrofluoranthene.…”

Section: Concentration Of Pah Derivatives In the Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the molecular composition, the pollution sources of different cities determine the composition of PAH derivatives in the air of the city. It is reported that in most cities, fluoranthene and pyrene are the two most common PAH congeners . Numerous studies have found similarities in the patterns of NPAH congeners in air samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Exposure Pathways on Tissue Distribution and Health Impact of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives

et al. 2023

Environ. Health

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The oxygen (OPAHs), nitro (NPAHs), hydroxyl (OH-PAHs), and alkylated (APAHs) derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) are ubiquitous pollutants in the environment. The concentrations of NPAHs, OPAHs, OH-PAHs, and APAHs are lower than that of PAHs in the environment, but the carcinogenic abilities of the derivatives are usually 10 to 1,000-fold higher than that of parent PAHs. There are three main pathways for the exposure of polycyclic aromatic compounds to humans, including inhalation, direct contact, and ingestion. After exposure by inhalation, they are mainly distributed in the lungs, affecting lung function and causing inflammation, asthma, etc. Due to the digestive system’s strong capacity for metabolism, intake of PAHs and the derivatives is primarily distributed in the digestive system and metabolized there. And it may lead to dysplasia of these organs and even to cancer. The skin is the primary site of direct contact with PAH derivatives. PAH derivatives can enter the bloodstream through all three contact pathways, thereby accumulating in various organs. This study aimed to summarize the influence of exposure pathways on tissue distribution and the health impact of PAH derivatives to provide references for future research and evaluation on public health.

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“…Nevertheless, elevated PM 2.5 concentrations have been widely recognized (by epidemiologic studies) as being associated with enhanced mortality (Franklin et al, 2008;Tecer et al, 2008;Sun et al, 2022b;Faridi et al, 2022;Nguyen et al, 2022). For example, exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their derivatives via inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact is associated with an increased risk of cancer (Li et al, 2022;Sun et al, 2022a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive characterization of particulate intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) from heavy-duty diesel vehicles using two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Zheng

Zhang

et al. 2022

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Tailpipe emissions from three heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDVs), complying with varying emission standards and installed with diverse aftertreatment technologies, are collected at a certified chassis dynamometer laboratory. The HDDV-emitted intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compound (I/SVOC) emission and the gas–particle partitioning of the I/SVOCs are investigated. Over 4000 compounds are identified and grouped into 21 categories. The dominant compound groups of particulate I/SVOCs are alkanes and phenolic compounds. For HDDVs without aftertreatment devices, i.e., diesel oxidation catalysts (DOCs) and diesel particulate filters (DPFs), the emitted I/SVOCs partition dramatically into the gas phase (accounting for ∼ 93 % of the total I/SVOC mass), with a few exceptions: hopane, four-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH4rings), and five-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH5rings). For HDDVs with DPFs and DOCs, the particulate fractions are reduced to a negligible level (i.e., less than 2 %). Nevertheless, 50 % of the total two-ring PAH mass is detected in the particle phase, which is much higher than the high-molecular-weight PAHs, arising from the positive sampling artifact of quartz filter absorbing organic vapors. The positive sampling artifact of quartz filter absorbing organic vapors is clearly observed, and uncertainties are discussed and quantified. Particulate I/SVOCs at low-speed, middle-speed, and high-speed phases are collected and analyzed separately. The emission factor (EF) distribution of the speciated organic aerosol (OA) on a two-dimensional volatility basis set (2D-VBS) space reveals that the fractions of OA with oxygen to carbon (O : C) ratios > 0.3 (0.4, 0.5) are 18.2 % (11.5 %, 9.5 %), 23 % (15.4 %, 13.6 %), and 29.1 % (20.6 %, 19.1 %) at the low-speed, middle-speed, and high-speed stages. These results help to resolve complex organic mixtures and trace the evolution of OA.

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A comprehensive evaluation of PM2.5-bound PAHs and their derivative in winter from six megacities in China: Insight the source-dependent health risk and secondary reactions

Cited by 45 publications

References 78 publications

Gas Particle Partitioning of PAHs Emissions from Typical Solid Fuel Combustions as Well as Their Health Risk Assessment in Rural Guanzhong Plain, China

Gas Particle Partitioning of PAHs Emissions from Typical Solid Fuel Combustions as Well as Their Health Risk Assessment in Rural Guanzhong Plain, China

Influence of Exposure Pathways on Tissue Distribution and Health Impact of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Derivatives

Comprehensive characterization of particulate intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic compounds (I/SVOCs) from heavy-duty diesel vehicles using two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry

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