A comprehensive review of anti-coking, anti-poisoning and anti-sintering catalysts for biomass tar reforming reaction

Modification Strategies of Ni-Based Catalysts with Metal Oxides for Dry Reforming of Methane

“…In Ostwald ripening (atomic migration), which occurs at a relatively higher temperature and has a longer duration, the particle emitted from the metal is captured by another one to form a larger size. In comparison, in particle migration, which prefers lower temperatures, two particles move on the surface of the support and combine to produce a larger particle [50]. Apart from the metal sintering, support sintering is possibly caused by phase transformation or the evaporation/condensation of volatile molecules/atoms [46].…”

“…To address the poisoning issues, the increase in reaction temperature is effective to break the Ni-S bond; in other reports, however, a high temperature causes irreversible S layers to form on the active sites, whereas a low temperature favors polysulfide formation, which is easily removed by H 2 . As well as the temperature, the introduction of O 2 or steam could alleviate this poisoning effect; however, the oxidation of Ni metals into oxides or sulfates leads to the loss of active sites [50,52]. Moreover, the doping of noble metals may protect the Ni active sites from being poisoned.…”

Modification strategies of heterogeneous catalysts for water–gas shift reactions

“…In comparison, the existing industrialized processes of hydrogen production include the reforming of natural gas, partial oxidation of oil and steam gasification of coal. 17–52 Among them, the reforming of fossil fuels has drawn attention due to the mature technology and abundant sources of raw materials, where methane is converted to hydrogen and carbon monoxide. 53–63 In some applications such as fuel cells, it is impossible to use a gas mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen due to the poisoning effect of carbon monoxide on catalysts and platinum electrodes, resulting in deactivation.…”

Understandings of Catalyst Deactivation and Regeneration during Biomass Tar Reforming: A Crucial Review

“…To the best of our knowledge, there are comprehensives reviews on these topics: (1) modification and development of Ni-based catalysts for biomass tar reforming, , (2) development of catalysts for steam reforming of a biomass tar model, (3) recent progress, challenges, and perspectives in catalytic tar elimination, − (4) coke formation and deactivation during tar reforming, and (5) design of anti-coking, anti-poisoning, and anti-sintering catalysts in biomass tar reforming . Most recently, char-derived catalysts with cheap prices and excellent activities have also attracted substantial attention in biomass tar reforming. , However, few works make the effort on the aspects of the deactivation mechanism and regeneration of the deactivated catalysts after tar reforming.…”