A Comprehensive Review of Electrospun Fibers, 3D-Printed Scaffolds, and Hydrogels for Cancer Therapies

Abstract

Anticancer therapies and regenerative medicine are being developed to destroy tumor cells, as well as remodel, replace, and support injured organs and tissues. Nowadays, a suitable three-dimensional structure of the scaffold and the type of cells used are crucial for creating bio-inspired organs and tissues. The materials used in medicine are made of non-degradable and degradable biomaterials and can serve as drug carriers. Developing flexible and properly targeted drug carrier systems is crucial for tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and novel cancer treatment strategies. This review is focused on presenting innovative biomaterials, i.e., electrospun nanofibers, 3D-printed scaffolds, and hydrogels as a novel approach for anticancer treatments which are still under development and awaiting thorough optimization.

A comprehensive review on the biomedical frontiers of nanowire applications

“…A multiscale hybrid architecture has been created as a result of the integration of silicon nanowires with the miniaturization of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), in which MEMS acts as an interface with external forces like magnetic or inertial, and silicon nanowire acts as a piezoresistive transducer [ 522 ]. To replicate the high surface conductivity and visual transparency of ITO while maintaining superior mechanical performance, silver nanowires, or AgNWs, have been studied as possible ITO substitutes [ 523 ]. The article offers several ways to solve the scalability issue in the manufacturing of nanowire devices.…”

“…The medical field has seen a revolutionary transformation thanks to advances in biotechnology and bioengineering, especially in the development of innovative therapeutic modalities [ 537 ]. Tumor cell destruction, organ and tissue replacement, remodeling, and support are the goals of regenerative medicine and anticancer therapy [ 538 ]. Furthermore, included are pertinent bioethical considerations and a discussion of the biocompatibility, biodistribution, and excretion of these MNR devices [ 539 ].…”

Biomaterial-Based Sustained-Release Drug Formulations for Localized Cancer Immunotherapy

“…Other techniques have also been developed, such as phase separation, solution blowing, and freeze/dry synthesis. 157 The high surface-to-volume ratio and controllable porosity, together with facile and tunable synthesis, make nanofibers a promising drug carrier. 158 Recent studies have developed and evaluated nanofibers for localized cancer immunotherapy.…”

“…Electrospinning has been utilized to produce nanofibers; the method involves charging lipid polymer droplets by applying a high-voltage electric field, followed by their collection on a grounded collector, which generates nanofiber structures by overcoming the surface tension of polymers. Other techniques have also been developed, such as phase separation, solution blowing, and freeze/dry synthesis . The high surface-to-volume ratio and controllable porosity, together with facile and tunable synthesis, make nanofibers a promising drug carrier .…”

Therapeutic Agent-Loaded Fibrous Scaffolds for Biomedical Applications

“…However, tumor metastasis and cancer recurrence remain serious problems in the successful treatment of cancer [ 223 ]. Therefore, the implantation of a fibrous scaffold that releases anticancer agents with surgery is a promising adjunctive strategy to treat cancer successfully [ 224 ].…”