A Comprehensive Review of Internet of Things: Technology Stack, Middlewares, and Fog/Edge Computing Interface

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an extensive network of heterogeneous devices that provides an array of innovative applications and services. IoT networks enable the integration of data and services to seamlessly interconnect the cyber and physical systems. However, the heterogeneity of devices, underlying technologies and lack of standardization pose critical challenges in this domain. On account of these challenges, this research article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the enabling technologies and standards that build up the IoT technology stack. First, a layered architecture approach is presented where the state-of-the-art research and open challenges are discussed at every layer. Next, this research article focuses on the role of middleware platforms in IoT application development and integration. Furthermore, this article addresses the open challenges and provides comprehensive steps towards IoT stack optimization. Finally, the interfacing of Fog/Edge Networks to IoT technology stack is thoroughly investigated by discussing the current research and open challenges in this domain. The main scope of this study is to provide a comprehensive review into IoT technology (the horizontal fabric), the associated middleware and networks required to build future proof applications (the vertical markets).

Design of a Cloud-Blockchain-based Secure Internet of Things Architecture

“…Google Drive uses Google cloud services. Cloud computing makes the Internet of Things more successful by enabling users to perform computing using the services provided over the Internet [46]. A large amount of data is generated by rapidly growing IoT technology that arises the problem of storing, processing, and accessing the data.…”

Low-Code Internet of Things Application Development for Edge Analytics

“…IoT middleware platforms have become an essential part of the IoT ecosystem, as they provide a common interface between the different sensors, computing devices, and actuators. As shown in Ali et al [3] these platforms fulfil different types of requirements, which leads adopters to perform an exhaustive analysis before choosing and implementing a specific type of architecture. From the perspective of application developers, incompatibility between IoT platforms results in adapting their application to the platform-specific API and information models of each different platform, which makes cross-platform development harder and time-consuming.…”

Integration framework for sensor through IoT embedded microcontroller in automation system for hydrogen generator management

“…Within the well-known three-layered IoT architecture comprising Perception, Network and Application layers, the Arduino microcontroller is commonly placed in the Perception level [4,16]. Arduino boards are sometimes referred to as IoT hardware platforms [2].…”