A comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2 genetic mutations and lessons from animal coronavirus recombination in one health perspective

Na, Woonsung; Moon, Heejang; Song, Daesub

doi:10.1007/s12275-021-0660-4

Cited by 21 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…Recombination events are often reported in human and animal coronaviruses, and they play pivotal roles in the evolution of coronaviruses. The S protein is the most common recombination region, and recombination of this protein allows the emergence of new strains with altered virulence and potentially broader host ranges [16, 39, 41–43]. Here, we show for the first time recombination in type I FCoV with the recombination region located at the NTD of the S protein.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Prevalence and molecular characteristics of feline coronavirus in southwest China from 2017 to 2020

Zhou

Huang

et al. 2021

Journal of General Virology

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Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is the causative agent of feline infectious peritonitis and diarrhoea in kittens worldwide. In this study, a total of 173 feline diarrhoeal faecal and ascetic samples were collected from 15 catteries and six veterinary hospitals in southwest China from 2017 to 2020. FCoV was detected in 80.35 % (139/173) of the samples using the RT-nPCR method; these included infections with 122 type I FCoV and 57 type II FCoV. Interestingly, 51 cases had co-infection with types I and II, the first such report in mainland China. To further analyse the genetic diversity of FCoV, we amplified 23 full-length spike (S) genes, including 18 type I and five type II FCoV. The type I FCoV and type II FCoV strains shared 85.5–98.7% and 97.4–98.9% nucleotide (nt) sequence identities between one another, respectively. The N-terminal domain (NTD) of 23 FCoV strains showed a high degree of variation (73.6–80.3 %). There was six type I FCoV strains with two amino acid insertions (159HL160) in the NTD. In addition, 18 strains of type I FCoV belonged to the Ie cluster, and five strains of type II FCoV were in the IIb cluster based on phylogenetic analysis. Notably, it was first time that two type I FCoV strains had recombination in the NTD, and the recombination regions was located 140–857 nt of the S gene. This study constitutes a systematic investigation of the current infection status and molecular characteristics of FCoV in southwest China.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Prevalence and molecular characteristics of feline coronavirus in southwest China from 2017 to 2020

Zhou

Huang

et al. 2021

Journal of General Virology

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“…In any case, CCP is a blood component with an excellent safety profile [5]. Pending the difficulties of a massive vaccination campaign [48] and the results of clinical trials on the efficacy of monoclonal antibodies [49], and considering the frequent appearance of variants of SARS-CoV-2 [50], it is possible that the collection and use of CCP will continue in many areas of the world. For this reason, the organizational model here presented, which has allowed the rapid collection of a large amount of CCPs, could be useful when facing new pandemic waves, especially in low and middle income countries, with generally acceptable costs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparedness and activities of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma bank in the Veneto region (Italy): An organizational model for future emergencies

Silvestro

Gandini

Fiorin

et al. 2021

Transfusion and Apheresis Science

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Background: Convalescent plasma (CP) has been used in the past in various pandemics, in particular in H1N1, SARS and MERS infections. In Spring 2020, when ongoing the SARS-CoV-2 pandemics, the Veneto Region (V-R) has proposed setting-up an anti-SARS-CoV-2 CP (CCP) Bank, with the aim of preparing a supply of CCP immediately available in case of subsequest epidemic waves. Materials and Methods: Key-points to be developed for a quick set-up of the V-R CCP Bank have been recruitment of donors recovered from COVID-19 infection, laboratory analysis for the biological qualification of the CCP units, including titre of neutralizing antibodies and reduction of pathogens, according to National Blood Centre (CNS) Directives, adaptation of the V-R Information Technology systems and cost analysis. Some activities, including diagnostic and viral inactivation processes, have been centralized in 2 or 3 sites. Laboratory analysis upon preliminary admission of the donor included all tests required by the Italian laws and the CNS directives. Results: From April to August 2020, 3,298 people have contacted the V-R Blood Transfusion Services: of these, 1,632 have been evaluated and examined as first time donors and those found to be suitable have carried out 955 donations, from which 2,626 therapeutic fractions have been obtained, at a cost around 215,00 Euro. Since October 2020, the number of COVID-19 inpatients has had a surge with a heavy hospital overload. Moreover, the high request of CCP therapy by clinicians has been just as unexpected, showing a wide therapeutic use. Conclusions:The organizational model here presented, which has allowed the rapid collection of a large amount of CCP, could be useful when facing new pandemic outbreaks, especially in low and middle income countries, with generally acceptable costs.

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“…Currently, various vaccines against SARS-COV-2 are designed with different platforms and almost all countries are using these approved vaccines 20 . The problem is that the genomic structure of SARS-COV-2 is not stable and it is susceptible to genetic mutations 21 . This phenomenon leads to a signi cant reduction in the effectiveness of vaccines with any platform 22 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Preclinical Evaluation of Self-Replicating RNA Oral Vaccine to Simultaneously Neutralize Both SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Alpha Variants

Mohammadi

Jebali

2021

Preprint

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The aim of this study was to design an oral vaccine based on self-replicating RNA lipid nanoparticle (saRNA LNP) to neutralize SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617 lineage) and Alpha (B.1.1.7 lineage) variants. Before immunization of mice with saRNA LNP, we saw the high expression of S-protein at both mRNA and protein levels after transfection of HEK293T/17 with saRNA LNP. After immunization of BALB/c mice with saRNA LNP at 0.1-10 μg, a high quantity of SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgA was seen with a dose-dependent and Th1/Th2 skewing response in serum of vaccinated mice. We also found that the secreted antibodies could neutralize SARS-CoV-2 Delta (B.1.617 lineage) and Alpha (B.1.1.7 lineage) variants. Splenocytes from vaccinated mice re-stimulated with SARS-CoV-2 peptides had high IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNF- α secretion. Although the preclinical study confirmed the efficacy of saRNA LNP against SARS-CoV-2, its efficacy and safety must be evaluated in clinical trials.

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A comprehensive review of SARS-CoV-2 genetic mutations and lessons from animal coronavirus recombination in one health perspective

Cited by 21 publications

References 69 publications

Prevalence and molecular characteristics of feline coronavirus in southwest China from 2017 to 2020

Prevalence and molecular characteristics of feline coronavirus in southwest China from 2017 to 2020

Preparedness and activities of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma bank in the Veneto region (Italy): An organizational model for future emergencies

The Preclinical Evaluation of Self-Replicating RNA Oral Vaccine to Simultaneously Neutralize Both SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Alpha Variants

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