A Comprehensive Review of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Baek, Woong Kee; Sohn, Soo-Yeon; Mahgoub, Ahmed; Hage, Robert

doi:10.7759/cureus.7943

Cited by 21 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…It is mainly transmitted through aerosol, droplets, and fomites. The potential mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 invasion is receptor-mediated endocytosis (19). SARS-CoV-2 requires angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors as well as transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) for entry into epithelial cells (20,21).…”

Section: Covid-19 Infection Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although the pathogenesis of kidney failure in severe COVID- 19 is not yet fully understood, data suggest that complications may be mediated by high concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6 and coagulation disorders, which lead to thrombosis. Coagulopathy contributes to acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19.…”

Section: Obesity and Kidney Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

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COVID-19 and obesity: the meeting of two pandemics

Brandão¹,

Godoi²,

Cordeiro³

et al. 2020

Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism

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COVID-19 and obesity are two pandemic diseases that the world is currently facing. Both activate the immune system and mediate inflammation. A sequence of disease phases in patients with severe COVID-19 results in a cytokine storm, which amplifies the subclinical inflammation that already exists in patients with obesity. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemotactic factors increase insulin resistance in obesity. Therefore, a greater systemic inflammatory response is establishe, along with an increased risk of thrombotic phenomena and hyperglycemic conditions. These changes further impair pulmonary, cardiac, hepatic, and renal functions, in addition to hindering glycemic control in people with diabetes and pre-diabetes. This review explains the pathophysiological mechanisms of these two pandemic diseases, provides a deeper understanding of this harmful interaction and lists possible therapeutic strategies for this risk group.

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Section: Covid-19 Infection Mechanismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Obesity and Kidney Diseasementioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19 and obesity: the meeting of two pandemics

Brandão¹,

Godoi²,

Cordeiro³

et al. 2020

Archives of Endocrinology and Metabolism

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“…ACE2 receptori nalaze se u bubrezima, srcu i endotelialnim ćelijama i njihova glavna uloga je regulacija reninangitenzin sistema (RAS) 17 . Poslednja saznanja ukazuju na to da ACE2 reaguje sa transmembranoznom proteazom serina 2 (TMPRSS2), koji je odgovoran za aktivaciju virusnog "S" proteina SARS-CoV-2, koji reaguje sa površinskim ACE2 enzimom, skoro identično kao kod virusa SARS; aktivirani virusni material SARS-CoV-2 ulazi u citoplazmu zaražene osobe i odvija se proces umnožavanja virusa preko ćelijskih mehanizama domaćina 16,18,19,20 .…”

Section: Načini Prenošenja Korona Virusaunclassified

“…ACE 2 receptors are also found in the kidneys, heart and endothelial cells, and their main role is the regulation of the renin-angitensin system (RAS) 17 . Recent findings indicate that ACE2 reacts with transmembrane protease-serine 2 (TMPRSS2), responsible for the activation of the viral "S" protein SARS-CoV-2, which reacts with the surface ACE2 enzyme almost identically to the SARS virus; activated viral material SARS-CoV-2 enters the cytoplasm of an infected person, and the process of virus replication takes place through cellular host mechanisms 16,18,19,20 .…”

Section: Ways Of Coronavirus Transmissionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occupational hazard for Dental staff exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus during Dental procedures

Burić¹,

Stojanović²

2020

Acta stomatologica Naissi

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Introduction: The dental profession is a high-risk profession, considering the aspect of a possible 100% infection from patients who are carriers of bacterial, viral and fungal diseases during dental interventions. Aim: To perform the analysis of all data that explain the possibility of a SARS-CoV-2 virus infection in dental practice. Material and Methods: The literature data on the presence of SARS-CoV-2 virus, and its characteristics and behavior in the external environment and in living tissues was analyzed. Databases from the Medline, Cochrane Library, Science-Direct, EMBASE, and Google scholar libraries were used, as well as other sources of literature information about this virus. Results: SARS-CoV-2 is an RNA virus, which has a submicron size and the ability to survive in various environments. The retention of SARS-CoV-2 virus in air / aerosol lasts an average of 3 hours, while the half-life of this virus is 5 to 6 hours on stainless steel and 6 to 8 hours on plastic. Infected patients with SARS-CoV-2 virus develop COVID-19 disease, which manifests itself through presymptomatic, symptomatic and post-symptomatic periods of the disease. Conclusion: The SARS-CoV-2 virus can be found in aerosols generated by dental equipment, which uses compressed air for its work. Protection of dentists and staff from infection with the virus is possible by wearing an N95 respiratory mask with protection levels 2 and 3, which has a filtration efficiency, i.e. retention of submicron particles with an efficiency of ≥ 98%. Waterproof goggles with a protective visor or a special industrially designed facial visor in the form of a full face mask, which has its own motor for the supply of filtered air to the mask, and which prevents the contamination of the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose and mouth from liquid or solid aerosol in the air, need to be used. Other disposable protective equipment also must be waterproof. Korona virus izaziva prehladu kod ljudi, koja ima uobičajne simptome prehlade gornjih respiratornih puteva; zahvata nosnu šupljinu,a ponekad se širi i na ždrelo, larinks i sinuse 5,6,7 . Sa druge strane, SARS-CoV-2 virus, koji je izazivač masovne/globalne virusne infekcije, ima sličnosti sa druga dva korona virusa -beta korona virusom (SARS-CoV-1) i virusom srednjeistočnog respiratonog sindroma (MERS-CoV).

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“…People who would be considered immune to the virus, and thus, will not transmit it, would be free to return to normal routines. The epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 have been reviewed elsewhere [2]. One pertinent but unanswered critical question is what constitutes protective immunity for those who are exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Protective Adaptive Immunity Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Implications for Vaccines

Manners¹,

Bautista²,

Sidoti³

et al. 2020

Cureus

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Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging human coronavirus responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a predominantly respiratory disease that has become a global pandemic. Millions of people worldwide are suffering from COVID-19, and hundreds of thousands of those infected have died. Nevertheless, many more people who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 are asymptomatic or suffer a mild disease characterized by dry cough and mild fever. This new pandemic poses a threat to public health on a global scale, and an intervention to prevent continued spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus is of the utmost importance. To assess preventive and therapeutic strategies, it is imperative to understand the pathogenesis and immune response against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we concentrate on the protective adaptive immune response elicited by this novel coronavirus as well as requirements for a successful vaccine inducing optimal protection.

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A Comprehensive Review of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

Cited by 21 publications

References 48 publications

COVID-19 and obesity: the meeting of two pandemics

COVID-19 and obesity: the meeting of two pandemics

Occupational hazard for Dental staff exposed to the SARS-CoV-2 virus during Dental procedures

Protective Adaptive Immunity Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Implications for Vaccines

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