A Comprehensive Review of the Clitoris and Its Role in Female Sexual Function

Mazloomdoost, Donna; Pauls, Rachel N.

doi:10.1002/smrj.61

Cited by 34 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 111 publications

(332 reference statements)

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“…Interestingly, immunohistochemical staining of Skene's glands reveals similar characteristics to the prepubescent prostate in males (Yeung & Pauls, 2016). Controversies surround not only the existence of female ejaculate but also the presence of a Gräfenberg spot (Davidson et al, 1989;Graziottin & Gambini, 2015;Kilchevsky, Vardi, Lowenstein, & Gruenwald, 2012;Mazloomdoost & Pauls, 2015;Pan, Leung, Shah, & Kilchevsky, 2015;Pauls, 2015;Yeung & Pauls, 2016).…”

Section: Historical Overviewmentioning

confidence: 98%

Female ejaculation: An update on anatomy, history, and controversies

et al. 2020

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Female ejaculation is a contentious topic. From a review of the literature, history indicates that it is not a modern concept; some females were aware of it in times past without understanding the role of the fluid or composition of the ejaculate. Over time, scholars experimented, mainly with anatomical studies, in an attempt to identify the source of the ejaculate and explore its physiological and anatomical benefits for the female sexual experience. Despite these studies, views about female ejaculation remain controversial and inconsistent, with no clear conclusion as to its function. This review discusses the history of studies of female ejaculation and presents various hypotheses from an anatomical and physiological perspective. After reviewing 44 publications from 1889 to 2019, it became apparent that clinical and anatomical studies conducted during recent decades provide substantial evidence in support of the female ejaculatory phenomenon. Anatomical studies have shown that the ejaculate originates in the paraurethral (Skene's) glands, but its composition has been debated. Female ejaculate differs from urine in its creatinine and urea concentrations.

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Section: Historical Overviewmentioning

confidence: 98%

Female ejaculation: An update on anatomy, history, and controversies

et al. 2020

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“…Knowledge of female and male anatomy and embriology is of essential importance for surgeons performing transgender genital reconstructive surgeries. Female and male external genitals, i.e., the clitoris and penis, are homologous organs and are both responsible for sexual pleasure [13] . The clitoris, similarly to the penis, has a glans, prepuce, two corpora cavernosa, crura, bulbs, suspensory ligaments, and root.…”

Section: Preoperative Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metoidioplasty as a one-stage phallic reconstruction in transmen

Bizic¹,

Stojanovic²,

Bencic³

et al. 2020

Plast Aesthet Res

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Gender dysphoria is a condition where there is a discrepancy between the gender assigned at birth and the desired gender, leading the patient to pursue surgical intervention. Reconstruction of the neophallus for transmen is still challenging, even though there are many surgical techniques with satisfying results. The aim of neophallic reconstruction in gender affirmation surgery (GAS) for transmen is to provide stand-up voiding, erotic sensation, orgasm and penetration ability, and acceptable donor site morbidity with minimal scarring and complications. Metoidioplasty as a variant of phalloplasty for transmen is a one-stage procedure that results in male-like external genitals, with minimal scarring, ability of standing micturition, and full erogenous sensation with the ability to achieve orgasm during sexual intercourse. Metoidioplasty is a method of choice for those transmen who wish to have GAS in one procedure without multi-staged procedures to create the adult-male-sized neophallus.

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“…Its anatomical history has been described by Di Marino and Lepidi (2004). According to Mazloomdoost and Pauls () the clitoris is secured to the labia and the fascia of the mons pubis by suspensory ligaments and the body and glans are attached by ligamentous tissue into the labia majora while Ingelman‐Sundberg () described an anatomical connection via ligaments between the anterior vaginal wall and the base of the clitoris. Because of the latter, any stretching of the anterior vaginal wall by penile thrusting will also stimulate the base of the clitoris.…”

Section: Clitoral Anatomy and Erotic Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the fact that highly relevant criticisms of the studies of Brody et al have now been published (Hurlbert and Whittaker, 1991;Laan and Rellini, 2011;Prause, 2011Prause, , 2012; Suchinsky and Lalumière, 2013; Levin, 2002Levin, , 2011aLevin, ,b, 2012Levin, , 2014Miko, Urban, Kajanov a, Pol ak and Varga, 2014;Prause et al, 2016;Therrien and Brotto, 2016;Tavares, Laan, and Nobre, 2017), few authors who quote Brody et al papers (Puts, Dawood and Welling, 2012;Aneja et al, 2015;Mazloomdoost and Pauls, 2015;Fleischman, 2016;Kontula and Miettinen, 2016;Maunder, Schoemaker, and Pruessner, 2017) also append in context these papers that highlight critically, not only their errors of omission and commission but also contradictory findings (see also Levin 2011bLevin , 2014 for further comments). This creates the illusion that their interpretations and conclusions appear to be unopposed and the possible 'canonization of false facts' (Banobi, Branch, and Hilborn, 2011;Nissen et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The clitoral activation paradox — Claimed outcomes from different methods of its stimulation

Levin

2018

Clinical Anatomy

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This article reviews clitoral structures, their functions and how they are activated during the stages of female life. The paradox that occurs is that different procedures of activation are claimed by some to favor 'noxious outcomes' to the physical and psychic health of women who use it to achieve sexual arousal/orgasm with or without penile vaginal intercourse. A number of the difficulties and inconsistencies in relation to these claims are explored. The proposed justification for the 'noxious outcomes' is that 'evolution' punishes sexual arousals other than by coitus because it is the only one that leads to gene propagation. In this context, however, the new, evolutionary interpretation of clitoral function in the fertile years as a fundamental proximate mechanism for facilitating female reproductive fitness makes such a justification improbable. The role of coital alignment technique (CAT) in the treatment of female orgasmic disorder is discussed in relation to its features of introital, clitoral and periurethral glans stimulation. Attempts to control female sexuality through various 'clitoridectomies' are examined, and unanswered questions about clitoral stimulation are listed. Clin. Anat. 31:650-660, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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A Comprehensive Review of the Clitoris and Its Role in Female Sexual Function

Cited by 34 publications

References 111 publications

Female ejaculation: An update on anatomy, history, and controversies

Female ejaculation: An update on anatomy, history, and controversies

Metoidioplasty as a one-stage phallic reconstruction in transmen

The clitoral activation paradox — Claimed outcomes from different methods of its stimulation

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