A comprehensive review on regulatory effects of crocin on ischemia/reperfusion injury in multiple organs

Akbari, Ghaidafeh; Mard, Seyyed Ali; Veisi, Ali

doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.01.113

Cited by 24 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…Analogous clinical studies have confirmed the efficacy and safety of saffron supplementation in human pathologies such as cardiac ischemia besides AD and related macular degeneration (Broadhead et al, 2016 ; Hatziagapiou et al, 2019 ). Relating to the present‐day COVID‐19 cardiovascular complications, especially hypoxia‐induced multi‐organ damage as a result of microcoagulopathies, Akbari et al ( 2018 ) provided a glimpse of the regulatory and protective effects of 6 on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in multiple O 2 ‐dependent organs such as intestine, liver, kidneys, heart and brain. The more water‐soluble salt of 4 , that is, TSC ( 5 ) , was reviewed long ago for its potential to treat hypoxia/ischemia and hemorrhagic shock (Gainer, 2008 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crocetin and related oxygen diffusion‐enhancing compounds: Review of chemical synthesis, pharmacology, clinical development, and novel therapeutic applications

Shah

Jain

Joshi

et al. 2021

Drug Development Research

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The current pandemic forced us to introspect and revisit our armamentarium of medicinal agents which could be life‐saving in emergency situations. Oxygen diffusion‐enhancing compounds represent one such class of potential therapeutic agents, particularly in ischemic conditions. As rewarding as the name suggests, these agents, represented by the most advanced and first‐in‐class molecule, trans‐sodium crocetinate (TSC), are the subject of intense clinical investigation, including Phase 1b/2b clinical trials for COVID‐19. Being a successor of a natural product, crocetin, TSC is being investigated for various cancers as a radiosensitizer owing to its oxygen diffusion enhancement capability. The unique properties of TSC make it a promising therapeutic agent for various ailments such as hemorrhagic shock, stroke, heart attack, among others. The present review outlines various (bio)synthetic strategies, pharmacological aspects, clinical overview and potential therapeutic benefits of crocetin and related compounds including TSC. The recent literature focusing on the delivery aspects of these compounds is covered as well to paint the complete picture to the curious reader. Given the potential TSC holds as a first‐in‐class agent, small‐ and/or macromolecular therapeutics based on the core concept of improved oxygen diffusion from blood to the surrounding tissues where it is needed the most, will be developed in future and satisfy the unmet medical need for many diseases and disorders.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crocetin and related oxygen diffusion‐enhancing compounds: Review of chemical synthesis, pharmacology, clinical development, and novel therapeutic applications

Shah

Jain

Joshi

et al. 2021

Drug Development Research

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“…CR molecule embodies two D-gentiobiose moieties (Mohajeri et al, 2010b;Ebrahim-Habibi et al, 2010). Studies on its structural activity relationship (SAR) revealed that the sugar moieties of CR related to its antioxidant activity and water solubility (Akhtari et al, 2013;Rahaiee et al, 2015;Akbari et al, 2018). Gentiobiose terminus is known to be involved in the conversion of CR to CC in enterocytes (Singla and Giliyaru, 2011).…”

Section: Crocin and Related Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition petals of C. sativus L. which are considered a waste product in saffron production, may also be a sustainable source [C@H]1[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O1)CO [C@H]2[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO) Pfister et al, 1996;Wang et al, 2009) Carmona et al, 2006;Hadizadeh et al, 2010;Verma and Middha, 2010) CR 7 864547-06-8 (Unspecified) of CR (Zeka et al, 2020) with an estimated 0.6% (w/w) of CR can be recovered from dried petals (Zeka et al, 2015). More than 100 compounds have been identified from SF, mainly terpenes, flavonoids, and anthraquinones (Chang et al, 2013), including CRs and crocetin (CC), which are responsible for the color of SF (Akbari et al, 2018;Kermanshahi et al, 2020;Csupor et al, 2021;Pandita, 2021). Given that CR is the main active ingredient of SF and SF-containing products such as SLT, it is of prime interest to review the current evidence for CRs in IS and related conditions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crocins for Ischemic Stroke: A Review of Current Evidence

et al. 2022

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Crocins (CRs) and the related active constituents derived from Crocus sativus L. (Saffron) have demonstrated protective effects against cerebral ischemia and ischemic stroke, with various bioactivities including neuroprotection, anti-neuroinflammation, antioxidant, and cardiovascular protection. Among CRs, crocin (CR) has been shown to act on multiple mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in ischemic stroke, including mitochondrial apoptosis, nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of B cells pathway, S100 calcium-binding protein B, interleukin-6 and vascular endothelial growth factor-A. CR is generally safe and well-tolerated. Pharmacokinetic studies indicate that CR has poor bioavailability and needs to convert to crocetin (CC) in order to cross the blood-brain barrier. Clinical studies have shown the efficacy of saffron and CR in treating various conditions, including metabolic syndrome, depression, Alzheimer’s disease, and coronary artery disease. There is evidence supporting CR as a treatment for ischemic stroke, although further studies are needed to confirm their efficacy and safety in clinical settings.

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“…Data obtained from the HPLC/DAD analysis of the dried stigmas are reported in Table 1. The main set of detected compounds were crocins analogues, the major biologically active components of saffron [31]. They are all glycosides of trans-crocetin, a carotenoid derivative which is responsible for saffron colour.…”

Section: Chemical Profile Of Saffron Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Composition and Sensory Evaluation of Saffron

Predieri¹,

Magli²,

Gatti³

et al. 2021

Foods

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The quality and economic value of saffron, one of the most counterfeited spices, are based on three key substances that are relatively easy to measure: crocines (colour); picrocrocines (bitter); safranal (odour impact). Despite being well-known, as their concentration is correlated to sensory intensity, a detailed sensory evaluation, performed by a trained panel, supported by advanced analytical approaches, may better show the relationships between saffron composition and sensory perception. Three saffron samples of different Italian origins (Sardinia and Tuscany) were evaluated by a trained sensory panel and their chemical composition was determined by HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography) and spectrophotometry. Safranal concentration and the perceived odour intensity were positively correlated while relationships between picrocrocine and bitter perception were more complex to detect. By correlating (Multiple Factor Analysis) saffron sensorial and chemical profiles, this work aims at improving saffron characterisation while providing better information on the quality of this valuable spice.

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A comprehensive review on regulatory effects of crocin on ischemia/reperfusion injury in multiple organs

Cited by 24 publications

References 73 publications

Crocetin and related oxygen diffusion‐enhancing compounds: Review of chemical synthesis, pharmacology, clinical development, and novel therapeutic applications

Crocetin and related oxygen diffusion‐enhancing compounds: Review of chemical synthesis, pharmacology, clinical development, and novel therapeutic applications

Crocins for Ischemic Stroke: A Review of Current Evidence

Chemical Composition and Sensory Evaluation of Saffron

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