A comprehensive review on sonocatalytic, photocatalytic, and sonophotocatalytic processes for the degradation of antibiotics in water: Synergistic mechanism and degradation pathway

Application of TiO2-Based Photocatalysts to Antibiotics Degradation: Cases of Sulfamethoxazole, Trimethoprim and Ciprofloxacin

“…These superoxide radicals react with hydrogen ions (H + ) and generate hydroperoxyl radicals • HO 2 (Equation ( 7)), which further produce hydrogen peroxide H 2 O 2 (Equation ( 8 11) and ( 12)) [51,66].…”

“…If heterogeneous photocatalysis over TiO 2 cannot be carried out under visible light, expensive UV light sources have to be used [18,44]. It is obvious that for successful TiO 2 employment under visible light, the wavelength adsorption of the photocatalyst should be extended into the visible region, thus making TiO 2 active in visible light [44,66].…”

“…For this purpose, various strategies of TiO 2 surface modification have been proposed [55]. They include mainly metal and non-metal doping [18,44,54,70], metal and non-metal co-doping [44], coupling with other semiconductors [18,44,66], constructing heterojunctions [54,63] and Z-schemes [45], dye sensitization [44].…”

Photo-mediated and advanced oxidative processes applied for the treatment of effluents with drugs used for the treatment of early COVID-19: Review

“…The perspectives in the future to full-scale treatment for the production of drinkable water are very promising when using sonocatalysis ( Abdurahman et al, 2021 ), heterogeneous photocatalytic ( Garcia-Muñoz et al, 2020 ), Fenton ( Qian et al, 2020 ), photo-Fenton ( Garcia-Muñoz et al, 2020 ), electro-Fenton ( Olvera-Vargas et al, 2021 ), electrochemical oxidation UV-based processes as ultraviolet activation with hydrogen peroxide (UV/H 2 O 2 ) ( Lee et al, 2021 ), and UV with ozone (UV/O 3 ) ( Gorito et al, 2021 ) because these processes presented extremely successful results in the removal of pharmaceutical compounds at low concentrations.…”

Acoustic characterization of cavitation intensity: A review

“…Cavitation usually refers to the generation of cavities and the subsequent dynamic behaviors when a liquid suffers from a sufficient pressure drop [1] . Due to high temperature and pressure [2] , [3] , [4] , [5] , micro jet [6] , [7] , [8] , shock wave [9] , [10] , [11] , light emission [12] , [13] , [14] and derived biochemical effects [15] , [16] , [17] in the process of cavitation, cavitation has been widely used in many fields, such as sonochemistry [18] , [19] , [20] , [21] , environmental engineering [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , biomedical engineering [26] , [27] , [28] , material science [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , food processing [33] , [34] , [35] , and so on. To estimate the cavitation effects and monitor the conditions of cavitation processes, cavitation detection and intensity characterization are desired.…”