A Comprehensive Review on Structural Topologies, Power Levels, Energy Storage Systems, and Standards for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations and Their Impacts on Grid

Abstract

The penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) in the transportation sector is increasing but conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) based vehicles dominates. To accelerate the adoption of EVs and to achieve sustainable transportation, the bottlenecks need to be elevated that mainly include the high cost EVs, range anxiety, lack of EV charging infrastructure, and the pollution of the grid due to EV chargers. The high cost of EVs is due to costly energy storage systems (ESS) with high energy density. This paper provides a comprehensive review of EV technology that mainly includes electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE), ESS, and EV chargers. A detailed discussion is presented on the state-of-the-art of EV chargers that include on-/off-board chargers. Different topologies are discussed with low-/high-frequency transformers. The different available power levels for charging are discussed. To reduce the range anxiety the EV chargers based on inductive power transfer (IPT) are discussed. The last part of the paper focuses on the negative impact of EV chargers along with the remedies that can be adopted. The international standards decided by different institutions and adopted universally are discussed in the latter part of this paper and finally, this paper concludes with the near to future advancement in EV technology.

Review of Fast Charging for Electrified Transport: Demand, Technology, Systems, and Planning

“…There are several standards governing fast charging technology and practice, both current and under development [1,8,11,20], as summarized in Figure 1 by Wang et al [11]; however, there is no standard delineation between "fast" and "ultra-fast" and higher charging rates. This is partly because the power required to charge a battery in a given time depends upon battery capacity, amongst other factors, including the initial and final state-of-charge (SoC), which for fast charging is typically less than 80% of the battery's nominal capacity.…”

“…The grid-facing AC/DC rectifier in Figure 5b may be designed using various converter topologies; the most popular ones are shown in Figure 6 [8]. The design criteria of this converter are to achieve high power quality and controllable power factor at the AC side, regulated voltage at the DC side, and low complexity and cost [80,81].…”

“…After the grid-facing AC/DC rectifier, DC/DC converters provide an interface to the EV, battery, and renewable energy source (e.g., PV). The DC/DC converter can be isolated using one of the following topologies; phase-shift full-bridge (PSFB), LLC, dual-active bridge (DAB), or CLLC, as shown in Figure 7 [8]. Alternatively, non-isolated topologies are the boost converter, interleaved boost converter, unidirectional three-level boost After the grid-facing AC/DC rectifier, DC/DC converters provide an interface to the EV, battery, and renewable energy source (e.g., PV).…”

“…Alternatively, non-isolated topologies are the boost converter, interleaved boost converter, unidirectional three-level boost After the grid-facing AC/DC rectifier, DC/DC converters provide an interface to the EV, battery, and renewable energy source (e.g., PV). The DC/DC converter can be isolated using one of the following topologies; phase-shift full-bridge (PSFB), LLC, dual-active bridge (DAB), or CLLC, as shown in Figure 7 [8]. Alternatively, non-isolated topologies are the boost converter, interleaved boost converter, unidirectional three-level boost converter, bidirectional three-level boost converter, or three-level flying capacitor converter, as shown in Figure 8 [8].…”

“…The purpose of this review is to provide a wholistic overview of developments in fast charging technologies and systems, from the expected demand and technology options, through system impacts and management, to network planning and potential future developments. Whilst several reviews have been published to date on specific topics relevant to fast charging-such as fast charger design [4][5][6][7][8][9], the impacts of fast charging on battery lifetime [10] and on the electricity network [11][12][13], and the various methods for limiting the negative impacts of fast charging [11,[14][15][16], including integrated energy storage [17][18][19]-none have reviewed fast charging from a systems perspective, highlighting the interdependencies between the demand driving technical developments and the various approaches to planning and management of future charging infrastructures. Furthermore, fast charging technology and systems are rapidly developing areas; in the last decade, the number of research publications on fast and ultra-fast charging technology and applications has grown at an average rate of over 25% each year, and this trend shows no sign of slowing.…”