A Comprehensive Study on Simulation Techniques for 5G Networks: State of the Art Results, Analysis, and Future Challenges

Gkonis, Panagiotis K.; Trakadas, Panagiotis; Kaklamani, Dimitra I.

doi:10.3390/electronics9030468

Cited by 60 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 80 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Moreover, CP length optimization ostensibly seems to be already addressed by the 5G New Radio (NR) numerology [11][12][13], as it allows scalable CP length reduction below the normal value of 4.69 µs. However, as it can be seen in Table 1, the proportional reduction of the OFDM symbol length, coming out of releasing the subcarrier spacing to increase above the (LTE's) 15 kHz-only value, effectively preserves the constant CP overhead relative to the OFDM symbol duration [11,13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PHY, MAC, and RLC Layer Based Estimation of Optimal Cyclic Prefix Length

Lipovac

Modlic

2021

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This work is motivated by growing evidence that the standard Cyclic Prefix (CP) length, adopted in the Long Term Evolution (LTE) physical layer (PHY) specifications, is oversized in propagation environments ranging from indoor to typical urban. Although this ostensibly seems to be addressed by 5G New Radio (NR) numerology, its scalable CP length reduction is proportionally tracked by the OFDM symbol length, which preserves the relative CP overhead of LTE. Furthermore, some simple means to optimize fixed or introduce adaptive CP length arose from either simulations or models taking into account only the bit-oriented PHY transmission performance. On the contrary, in the novel crosslayer analytical model proposed here, the closed-form expression for the optimal CP length is derived such as to minimize the effective average codeblock length, by also considering the error recovery retransmissions through the layers above PHY—the Medium Access Control (MAC) and the Radio Link Control (RLC), in particular. It turns out that, for given protective coding, the optimal CP length is determined by the appropriate rms delay spread of the channel power delay profile part remaining outside the CP span. The optimal CP length values are found to be significantly lower than the corresponding industry-standard ones, which unveils the potential for improving the net throughput.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

PHY, MAC, and RLC Layer Based Estimation of Optimal Cyclic Prefix Length

Lipovac

Modlic

2021

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This is mainly because of the presence of BH links with insufficient capacity to meet the demand (e.g., due to traffic aggregation in multi-hop BH links), even though the LOS condition is satisfied. To explain this, consider the access and BH capacity conditions (Equations (11) and (12), respectively), which take part in the main loop of CEBA's Algorithm 1. It is observed (not shown for brevity) that the first iterations of this loop are triggered by breaking Equation (11), while the last iterations are triggered by breaking Equation (12).…”

Section: Simulation Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To explain this, consider the access and BH capacity conditions (Equations (11) and (12), respectively), which take part in the main loop of CEBA's Algorithm 1. It is observed (not shown for brevity) that the first iterations of this loop are triggered by breaking Equation (11), while the last iterations are triggered by breaking Equation (12). Since the bandwidth in the BH is not modified, the only solution is to increase the number of SCs to distribute the access demand among more BH links until Equation (12) is satisfied.…”

Section: Simulation Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, a line-of-sight (LOS) communication path with highly directional beams and high-gain antennas is required to achieve several gigabits per second [10]. Thanks to the recent advancement in hardware design, this can be realized with massive MIMO implementations using a large number of very low power antennas [11,12]. MIMO beamforming has the benefit of reduced inter-antenna interference due to the high directivity of the individual links.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Backhaul-Aware Dimensioning and Planning of Millimeter-Wave Small Cell Networks

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The massive deployment of Small Cells (SCs) is increasingly being adopted by mobile operators to face the exponentially growing traffic demand. Using the millimeter-wave (mmWave) band in the access and backhaul networks will be key to provide the capacity that meets such demand. However, dimensioning and planning have become complex tasks, because the capacity requirements for mmWave links can significantly vary with the SC location. In this work, we address the problem of SC planning considering the backhaul constraints, assuming that a line-of-sight (LOS) between the nodes is required to reliably support the traffic demand. Such a LOS condition reduces the set of potential site locations. Simulation results show that, under certain conditions, the proposed algorithm is effective in finding solutions and strongly efficient in computational cost when compared to exhaustive search approaches.

show abstract

“…Furthermore, our results support the feasibility of extending the use of this model up to 2.5 GHz with reasonable accuracy. Given this experimental evidence, and since the development of 5G technology already resulted in the deployment of RBS stations, it is questionable if our modified C231WI model could be extended to the 3.6-3.8 GHz band, for both monitoring and coverage issues [35][36][37]. Indeed, in the literature, there is a lack of models and experimental strategies for EM propagation in urban environments [38], such as those investigated in this work, even though several studies which cover the synthesis of antennas, protocols, and systems for 5G exist [39][40][41].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electromagnetic Field Levels in Built-up Areas with an Irregular Grid of Buildings: Modeling and Integrated Software

Schirru

Ledda²,

Lodi

et al. 2020

Electronics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The knowledge of the electromagnetic field levels generated by radio base stations present in an urban environment is a relevant aspect for propagations and coverage issues, as well as for the compliance to national regulations. Despite the growing interest in the novel fifth generation (5G) technology, several aspects related to the investigation of the urban propagation of the Global System of Mobile Communication (GSM), third generation (3G), and fourth generation (4G) mobile systems in peculiar non-rural environments may be improved. To account for irregular geometries and to deal with the propagation in hilly towns, in this work we present an enhanced version of the COST231-Walfisch–Ikegami model, whose parameters have been modified to evaluate the path loss at distances greater than 20 meters from the radio base station. This work addressed the problem of providing an effective, reliable, and quantitative model for the estimation of electromagnetic field levels in built-up areas. In addition, we also developed and tested a pre-industrial software prototype whose aim is to make the estimated electromagnetic field levels available to the key players in the telecom industry, the local authorities, and the general population. We validated the proposed model with a measurement campaign in the small urban and irregular built-up areas of Dorgali (Nuoro), Cala Gonone (Nuoro), and Lunamatrona (Cagliari) in Sardinia (Italy).

show abstract

A Comprehensive Study on Simulation Techniques for 5G Networks: State of the Art Results, Analysis, and Future Challenges

Cited by 60 publications

References 80 publications

PHY, MAC, and RLC Layer Based Estimation of Optimal Cyclic Prefix Length

PHY, MAC, and RLC Layer Based Estimation of Optimal Cyclic Prefix Length

Backhaul-Aware Dimensioning and Planning of Millimeter-Wave Small Cell Networks

Electromagnetic Field Levels in Built-up Areas with an Irregular Grid of Buildings: Modeling and Integrated Software

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About