2022
DOI: 10.3390/electronics11193015
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A Comprehensive Survey of Energy-Efficient MAC and Routing Protocols for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract: Underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) have become highly efficient in performing different operations in oceanic environments. Compared to terrestrial wireless sensor networks (TWSNs), MAC and routing protocols in UWSNs are prone to low bandwidth, low throughput, high energy consumption, and high propagation delay. UWSNs are located remotely and do not need to operate with any human involvement. In UWSNs, the majority of sensor batteries have limited energy and very difficult to replace. The uneven use o… Show more

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Cited by 24 publications
(7 citation statements)
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“…The next phase involves utilizing six existing machine-learning models to create an ensemble model that outperforms all of these models. The ensemble method handles the worst-case scenario of model prediction ( Khan et al, 2022 ). The current study focuses on the model’s true and false predictions.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The next phase involves utilizing six existing machine-learning models to create an ensemble model that outperforms all of these models. The ensemble method handles the worst-case scenario of model prediction ( Khan et al, 2022 ). The current study focuses on the model’s true and false predictions.…”
Section: Methodsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…So far, the focus of research community in UWSNs addressed the energy efficiencyrelated issues due to the built-in and limited lifetime of sensor node' battery. The researchers in [51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60] focused on energy efficiency in routing protocol for UWSNs; authors of [61] focused on energy-efficient MAC as well as routing protocols for sustainable UWSNs. Security in UWSNs plays an important role and it cannot be ignored.…”
Section: Motivationmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…An earlier study demonstrated that these methods have the potential to reduce energy consumption significantly during packet transmission. By examining the complexities of such approaches, the potential for achieving significant improvements in energy efficiency within communication systems becomes evident, thereby fostering sustainability and environmental awareness (Khan et al, 2022).…”
Section: Challenges and Future Directionsmentioning
confidence: 99%