A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Routing Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Islam, Tariq; Lee, Yong Kyu

doi:10.3390/s19194256

Cited by 41 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…Routing is a technique by which a reliable path is established for sending the data packets towards the destination [34], [35]. A routing protocol provides a set of procedures and rules for creating an appropriate and reliable path between the source node and the destination node by the cooperation of neighboring hops [36].…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anchor Nodes Assisted Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Reliable Data Transfer in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

et al. 2021

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Reliable data transfer seems a quite challenging task in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) in comparison with Terrestrial Wireless Sensor Networks due to the peculiar attributes of UWSN communication. However, the reliable data transmission in UWSN is very limited. Yet, there is a way to achieve reliable data transfer metrics through the design of routing protocols by considering the exceptional features of UWSN communications. With this aim, we propose two schemes with multiple sinks-based network architecture: Anchor Nodes assisted Cluster-based Routing Protocol (ANCRP) to achieve reliable data transfer metrics and Void Handling technique in ANCRP (VH-ANCRP) to cope with the local maximum nodes. For which, the network space is divided into small cubes to form clusters. Then, each cube is assigned with an anchor node as a cluster head (CH). All cluster heads are supposed to be anchored at the centroid of a cube via a string, while source nodes are randomly distributed. In ANCRP, the source nodes are liable to send the sensed data to their designated CH. The CH transmits the sensed data to the next-hop CH and continues this procedure till the successful delivery of the data packets at the surface sinks. In VH-ANCRP, a void handling technique of making the ad-hoc CH is used by the void nodes to reconnect with the network operations. We perform extensive simulations in NS3 to validate our schemes. The simulation outcomes expel that both proposed schemes have improved the network performance when compared with the baseline schemes. INDEX TERMS Underwater wireless sensor networks, reliable data transfer, routing protocol, anchor nodes, clustering technique, void handling. I. INTRODUCTION Currently, Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are gaining pivotal considerations in both industrial and academia sector because of their wide and comprehensive implementation areas, such as resource exploration, navigation assisting, military surveillance, calamity preventions, etc. [1]. The underwater WSNs also assist in finding the unexplored underwater resources and aquatic data collection with the help of different computational intelligence approaches [2]. The underwater wireless sensor nodes are supposed to be deployed sparsely from surface-layer to seabedlayer for fetching the data from the underwater harsh environments by using an acoustic modem [3], [4]. Underwater communication through optical signals is not feasible due to absorption loss and rapid attenuation. Thus, underwater communication is carried out in acoustic signals [5]. The

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Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anchor Nodes Assisted Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Reliable Data Transfer in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

et al. 2021

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“…Scientists reached high PDR values, increased lifetime, and reduced energy consumption in this article. The authors of [30] looked at the trade-off between accuracy and energy efficiency and proposed a solution. In WSNs, the 'adaptive FEC/FWD and FEC/ARQ' clustering mechanisms are based on the channel state and the distance between nodes.…”

Section: Cluster-based Routing Protocolsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards Controlled Transmission: A Novel Power-Based Sparsity-Aware and Energy-Efficient Clustering for Underwater Sensor Networks in Marine Transport Safety

et al. 2021

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Energy-efficient management and highly reliable communication and transmission mechanisms are major issues in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSN) due to the limited battery power of UWSN nodes within an harsh underwater environment. In this paper, we integrate the three main techniques that have been used for managing Transmission Power-based Sparsity-conscious Energy-Efficient Clustering (CTP-SEEC) in UWSNs. These incorporate the adaptive power control mechanism that converts to a suitable Transmission Power Level (TPL), and deploys collaboration mobile sinks or Autonomous Underwater Vehicles (AUVs) to gather information locally to achieve energy and data management efficiency (Security) in the WSN. The proposed protocol is rigorously evaluated through extensive simulations and is validated by comparing it with state-of-the-art UWSN protocols. The simulation results are based on the static environmental condition, which shows that the proposed protocol performs well in terms of network lifetime, packet delivery, and throughput.

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“…In this section, we review the existing UASN routing protocols in the literature. We divide the existing routing protocols in UASN into two categories based on whether geographical location information is used in the routing process: location‐free routing protocols and location‐based routing protocols [8]. Furthermore, according to whether three‐dimensional location information is used, location‐based routing protocols can be detailed into three‐dimensional‐based protocols and depth‐based protocols.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

ACAR: an ant colony algorithm‐based routing protocol for underwater acoustic sensor network

Zhang

et al. 2020

IET Communications

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Research on underwater acoustic sensor networks has become a compelling field in recent years since resources on land are being depleted. Therefore, robust and efficient routing protocols are needed to ensure the reliability of message gathering and transmitting in underwater sensor networks. In the process of biological foraging in nature, creatures such as insects can find paths while adapting to dynamic environmental conditions through group cooperation, which provides a new perspective for research on routing protocols. In this study, the authors proposed an ant colony algorithm-based routing protocol (ACAR). In ACAR, the pheromone with a novel physical meaning and concentration changing mechanism is utilised to guide ants (path establishing packets) to the sink node. In addition, node depth information is used to decrease redundancy in the underwater environment. The routing process can be summarised in three parts: pheromone list setup, routing decision and damaged path repair. Simulation results, carried out on an underwater simulator based on NS-2, showed that ACAR outperforms other schemes with regards to network lifetime with a relatively better delivery ratio and latency in the proposed network scenarios.

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A Comprehensive Survey of Recent Routing Protocols for Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks

Cited by 41 publications

References 68 publications

Anchor Nodes Assisted Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Reliable Data Transfer in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Anchor Nodes Assisted Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Reliable Data Transfer in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

Towards Controlled Transmission: A Novel Power-Based Sparsity-Aware and Energy-Efficient Clustering for Underwater Sensor Networks in Marine Transport Safety

ACAR: an ant colony algorithm‐based routing protocol for underwater acoustic sensor network

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