“…Flooding and population vulnerability have increased dramatically in recent decades as a result of several factors, including urbanization, climate change, land-use pressures, and severe weather variability, all of which have increased ood intensity and frequency, posing a threat to many regions' development strategies (Dinh, Balica, Popescu & Jonoski, 2012;Jonkman & Dawson, 2012;Twar, 2016). Historical changes in ood susceptibility are complex and dynamic, in uenced by economic, social, demographic, cultural, institutional, and governance factors (Clegg, Haigh, Amaratunga, Karunarathna, Rahayu & Septiadi, 2021). Flood events that have occurred in Asia accounted for 41% of the world, comparatively followed by 23% in America, 17% in Africa, 14% in Europe, and 4% in Oceania (Perera, et al, 2019).…”