A conceptual model of the role of excess energy in the maintenance of a riffle–pool sequence

Geomorphic impact and system recovery following an extreme flood in an upland stream: Thinhope Burn, northern England, UK

“…In light of these findings, a modified version of Wolman and Miller's (1960) model, similar to that presented by Baker (1977) and Milan and Heritage (2004), seems to be valid for the Thinhope catchment (Fig. 1B, C).…”

“…However, upland streams in the UK are generally supply-limited because of a stable fluvial landscape with vegetated hillslopes and armoured channel beds. Heritage and Milan (2004) proposed a modification of the model to account for the two-phase nature of sediment transport in supply-limited, gravel-bed rivers and, in particular, the threshold effects for the removal of the armour layer. Whilst the existing curves presented in Fig.…”

“…In the headwaters of the catchment, large pipes were found in the peat at a number of locations following the 2007 event. Wolman and Miller's (1960) relations between rate of transport, applied stress, and frequency of stress application; B) Heritage and Milan's (2004) modification to account for phase 2 gravel transport; C) Baker's (1977) modified model for bedrock channels.…”

Monitoring channel responses to flood events of low to moderate magnitudes in a bedrock-dominated river using morphological budgeting by terrestrial laser scanning

“…Subsequent reappraisals indicated that the geomorphic effectiveness of flood events of a given magnitude varies markedly in differing environmental settings (Wolman and Gerson, 1978). Indeed, rivers in certain localities preferentially adapt their form to infrequent, high magnitude events: e.g., bedrockdominated rivers (Baker, 1977) and some gravel-bed rivers (Heritage and Milan, 2004). Elsewhere, variability in flood magnitude (expressed using measures such as the coefficient of variability) is a critical determinant of geomorphic effectiveness as infrequent high magnitude events are able to rework large amounts of sediment bringing about dramatic changes to channel and floodplain features in some instances (Finlayson and McMahon, 1988;Nanson and Erskine, 1988).…”

Measuring river velocities using GPS River Flow Tracers (GRiFTers)

“…Furthermore, the use of individual point measurements produces data that are Eulerian by nature and are to some extent detached from the dynamic nature of channel flow (Creutin et al, 2003). Therefore, our understanding of the flow patterns between these point measurements is inferred as opposed to observed or measured (Heritage andMilan, 2004, considering Keller andFlorsheim, 1993). All the previously mentioned methods also suffer from being labour intensive, invasive and time consuming, particularly when large spatial coverage is required.…”