A conditioned weight illusion: Reafference learning without a correlation store

Hershberger, Wayne A.; Misceo, Giovanni F.

doi:10.3758/bf03205888

Cited by 26 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Po1a's finding is precisely consistent with the afference-copy hypothesis, which predicts that perceived visual direction should correspond to intended and not merely actual eye orientation. Of course, Pola's finding appears to be consistent with any version of Helmholtz's hoary hypothesis (see Hershberger & Misceo, 1983). However, turning attention to the second type of experimental observation alluded to above (vision with extraocular paralysis), we find evidence that appears consistent in detail only with the afference-copy version of the Helmho1tzian hypothesis.…”

Section: Saccade Flashing Lightmentioning

confidence: 46%

Saccadic eye movements and the perception of visual direction

Hershberger

1987

Perception & Psychophysics

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Section: Saccade Flashing Lightmentioning

confidence: 46%

Saccadic eye movements and the perception of visual direction

Hershberger

1987

Perception & Psychophysics

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“…In the studies discussed above, we have no way of knowing whether or not the animals studied had any awareness of their actions. Herschberger and Misceo (1983) describe an experiment in which people learned to modify their head movements on the basis of visual signals without any awareness that they were changing their responses. These authors suggest that there are two forms of corollary discharge, one of which is automatic and unregistered, while the other is monitored consciously.…”

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confidence: 99%

Brain mechanisms for 'having a theory of mind'

Frith

1996

J Psychopharmacol

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What is theory of mind?It can be argued that human communication works so well largely because we all have a 'theory of mind'. We assume that other peoples' behaviour, as well as our own, is determined by their mental states. In other words, what people will do can best be predicted from their intentions, their knowledge and their beliefs. Dennett (1987) has referred to this approach for understanding other people as 'having an intentional stance'. The causal role of mental states is most strikingly apparent in the case of false beliefs, since actions based on such beliefs are clearly independent of the real state of the world. For example, Romeo kills himself because he believes, falsely, that Juliet is dead. Errors this extreme may be rare in normal circumstances. However, in pathological cases, such as paranoia and obsessive-compulsive disorders, lives can often be ruined by chronic false beliefs.The major theme of this special issue is the biological basis of social interaction. There is good evidence that the ability to predict the behaviour of people on the basis of inferences about their mental states is independent of other abilities and depends upon a discrete brain system. People with autism and Asperger's syndrome can show remarkably poor performance on 'theory of mind' tasks while having a normal IQ (article by U. Frith in this volume). This observation shows that the abilities required for performing 'theory of mind tasks' are different and independent of those required for performing IQ tests. There is convincing evidence that autism and Asperger's syndrome have a biological basis and are associated with some kind of brain abnormality (Frith, Morton and Leslie, 1991), although, as yet, we have very little evidence about the nature and location of this abnormality. The existence of such disorders implies that there is a specific brain system underlying the ability to perform theory of mind tasks. This system can function abnormally while other cognitive systems remain intact. If we could identify this brain system we should gain clues as to the nature of the biological abnormality that underlies autism.In this paper I shall consider how we might approach the problem of identifying this specialised brain system. Clearly, a system that underpins social communication will be particularly concerned with speech, gestures, facial expressions and so on. Many brain areas concerned with this type of information have been identified in man and higher animals. These observations must give us clues about the brain system underlying theory of mind. Such data are discussed in the paper by Brothers in this volume. However, I shall approach the problem in terms of the cognitive processes that are needed, rather than considering the type of information such a brain ' system would handle.As yet, there is very little data from studies of neurological patients with localised lesions that relate to theory of mind tasks. This is probably because neuropsychologists have only recently started to use such tasks in the clini...

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“…Effects of efference copies on sensory components from self-generated movement, termed “reafference” (Holst and Mittelstaedt, 1950 ), can be excitatory [e.g., dorsal giant interneurons of cockroaches (Delcomyn and Daley, 1979 )], inhibitory [e.g., rostral fastigial neurons of monkeys (Brooks and Cullen, 2013 )], or a combination of both [e.g., efferent neurons in the electrosensory lobe of mormyrids (Bell et al, 1997 )]. In addition, results from both behavioral [e.g., perceptual learning of size-weight illusions in humans (Hershberger and Misceo, 1983 )] and electrophysiological studies [e.g., spike-timing-dependent plasticity of mormyrid medium ganglion cells caused by central command signals (Sawtell et al, 2007 )] imply learning dynamics involving computational processing between efference copies and reafference in the central nervous system. Juxtaposed with the neural plasticity underlying reafference and efference in learning is therefore the very role of plasticity processing sensory information during active and passive movements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Plasticity of cerebellar Purkinje cells in behavioral training of body balance control

Lee

Huang

et al. 2015

Front. Syst. Neurosci.

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Neural responses to sensory inputs caused by self-generated movements (reafference) and external passive stimulation (exafference) differ in various brain regions. The ability to differentiate such sensory information can lead to movement execution with better accuracy. However, how sensory responses are adjusted in regard to this distinguishability during motor learning is still poorly understood. The cerebellum has been hypothesized to analyze the functional significance of sensory information during motor learning, and is thought to be a key region of reafference computation in the vestibular system. In this study, we investigated Purkinje cell (PC) spike trains as cerebellar cortical output when rats learned to balance on a suspended dowel. Rats progressively reduced the amplitude of body swing and made fewer foot slips during a 5-min balancing task. Both PC simple (SSs; 17 of 26) and complex spikes (CSs; 7 of 12) were found to code initially on the angle of the heads with respect to a fixed reference. Using periods with comparable degrees of movement, we found that such SS coding of information in most PCs (10 of 17) decreased rapidly during balance learning. In response to unexpected perturbations and under anesthesia, SS coding capability of these PCs recovered. By plotting SS and CS firing frequencies over 15-s time windows in double-logarithmic plots, a negative correlation between SS and CS was found in awake, but not anesthetized, rats. PCs with prominent SS coding attenuation during motor learning showed weaker SS-CS correlation. Hence, we demonstrate that neural plasticity for filtering out sensory reafference from active motion occurs in the cerebellar cortex in rats during balance learning. SS-CS interaction may contribute to this rapid plasticity as a form of receptive field plasticity in the cerebellar cortex between two receptive maps of sensory inputs from the external world and of efference copies from the will center for volitional movements.

show abstract

A conditioned weight illusion: Reafference learning without a correlation store

Cited by 26 publications

References 44 publications

Saccadic eye movements and the perception of visual direction

Saccadic eye movements and the perception of visual direction

Brain mechanisms for 'having a theory of mind'

Plasticity of cerebellar Purkinje cells in behavioral training of body balance control

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