A continuous 770‐year record of volcanic activity from east Antarctica

Moore, John C.; Narita, Hirokazu; Maeno, Norikazu

doi:10.1029/91jd01283

Cited by 93 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…However, the eruption of Santa Maria (1902), also with a VEI of 6, does not show up as very anomalous in our data. We note that this is true also of some of the ice-core records 7,15,17,18 .…”

supporting

confidence: 59%

Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperature over the past 600 years

Briffa

Jones

Schweingruber

1998

Nature

745

473

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Nature © Macmillan Publishers Ltd 1998 8 letters to nature 450 NATURE | VOL 393 | 4 JUNE 1998emissions. Gupta and Cicerone 16 found that in a two-dimensional model simulation where 10% of CH 4 , CO and NO x emissions were shifted from northern mid-latitudes to the northern tropics, the CH 4 steady-state lifetime decreased by 1.4%.The main sources of CH 4 to the atmosphere have been identified 14 , but emission rates from individual sources are not known well enough to quantify trends in sources. Despite this, evidence exists that some regional sources may be changing. In the states of the former Soviet Union, production of natural gas, oil and coal have all declined during the late 1980s and early 1990s (http:// www.bp.com/bpstats), and the fraction of gas that is vented or flared has also decreased 17 . This would lead to decreased emissions from the high northern latitudes. If this speculative scenario is true, emissions from the tropics must have increased to maintain a nearly constant global source strength.Our conclusions that CH 4 sources have been nearly constant from 1984 to 1996 has important implications for policy. If CH 4 sources and [OH] remain at 1996 levels, the globally averaged CH 4 mole fraction will slowly increase to ϳ1,800 nmol mol −1 over the next two decades, and then stabilize. As the imbalance between CH 4 sources and sinks is currently very small, policies that reduce CH 4 emissions by a few per cent would nearly ensure a decrease of CH 4 levels in the atmosphere 18 . We point out, however, that quantifying small, longterm trends in specific CH 4 source strengths remains impossible, so the future atmospheric burden of CH 4 cannot be predicted with certainty 19 . A better understanding of the CH 4 budget, and how it is changing with time, is still needed to predict more accurately the future role of CH 4 in climate change. Ⅺ

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supporting

confidence: 59%

Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperature over the past 600 years

Briffa

Jones

Schweingruber

1998

Nature

745

473

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“…The dating uncertainty is ±10 yrs during the period from 1259 to 1800 and the authors "re-date" the Kuwae event to the year 1452 according to tree ring evidence [La Marche and Hirschboeck, 1984]. G15 [Moore et al, 1991] was dated by first using Agung, Tambora and the 1259 Unknown to fix the chronology and then interpolating between these events. Therefore, it is possible that the timing of Kuwae as interpreted from this core was off by several years.…”

Section: Timing Of the Great Kuwae Eruptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Volcanic forcing of climate over the past 1500 years: An improved ice core‐based index for climate models

Gao¹,

Robock²,

Ammann³

2008

J. Geophys. Res.

684

970

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This dissertation has investigated one of the most important natural causes of climate change, volcanic eruptions, by developing an ice core-based volcanic forcing index, using 54 ice core records from both the Arctic and Antarctica. The extensive collection of ice core data reduces errors inherent in reconstructions based on a single or small number of cores. This enables us to obtain much higher accuracy in both detection of events and quantification of the radiative effects. We extracted volcanic deposition signals from each ice core record by applying a high-pass loess filter to the time series and examining peaks that exceed twice the 31-yr running median absolute deviation. We then studied the spatial pattern of volcanic sulfate deposition on Greenland and Antarctica, and combined this knowledge with a new understanding of stratospheric transport of volcanic aerosols to produce a forcing index that is a function of month from 501 to 2000 CE, latitude in 10° bands, and height from 9 to 30 km at 0.5 km resolution. This index is the longest and iii most advanced volcanic forcing index of the type. It eliminates or minimizes many aspects of problems previous reconstruction had with the ice core records. The estimated uncertainty is a significant reduction from the factor of two uncertainty reported in previously constructed volcanic forcing indices.We forced an energy balance climate model with this new volcanic forcing index, together with solar and anthropogenic forcing, to simulate the large scale temperature response. The results agree well with instrumental observations for the past 150 years and the proxy records for the last millennium. Through better characterization of the natural causes of climate change, this new index will lead to improved prediction of anthropogenic impacts on climate.Using 33 ice core records we investigated the 15 th century Kuwae eruption. We found it was indeed a single-phase eruption occurred during late 1452 to early 1453 CE and it emitted about 140 Tg of sulfate aerosols into the stratosphere with 2(SH):1(NH) hemispheric partitioning. This finding provides an important reference to evaluate and improve the dating of ice core records.iv My Contribution to the WorkThis dissertation work utilized ice core records from both Greenland and Antarctica to reconstruct a monthly and spatially dependent volcanic forcing index that is applicable to general circulation models. Dr. Alan Robock and Dr. Melissa Free developed the first ice-core-based volcanic forcing index (IVI) using multiple ice core records [Robock and Free, 1995]. With the recovery of large number of new ice cores, Dr.Robock and Dr. Caspar Ammann proposed to develop a new index utilizing all of the available ice cores. My primary contribution to the work was to collect and process the ice core records, identify the steps to reconstruct the index, search and decide the methodology involved in each steps through numerous communications with Dr. Robock and other scientists, write programs to reconstruct the index and repo...

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“…Several large anomalies have not been traced to the responsible volcanoes, including the prominent AD 640 peak. Data provided by the National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado at Boulder, and the WDC-A for Paleoclimatology, NGDC, Boulder, CO, USA both Arctic (Figure 1; Zielinski, 1995;Clausen et al, 1997) and Antarctic ice cores (Langway et al, 1988;Moore et al, 1991;Delmas et al, 1992). Rhyolitic-composition (SiO 2 ≈ 70 wt%; Na 2 O + K 2 O ≈ 8 wt%) glass shards have been filtered out of the acid horizon from Greenland and South Pole cores (Palais et al, 1990.…”

Section: Ice Coresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ice core and palaeoclimatic evidence for the timing and nature of the great mid‐13th century volcanic eruption

Oppenheimer

2003

Intl Journal of Climatology

103

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Ice cores from both the Arctic and Antarctic record a massive volcanic eruption in around AD 1258. The inter-hemispheric transport of ash and sulphate aerosol suggests a low-latitude explosive eruption, but the volcano responsible is not known. This is remarkable given estimates of the magnitude of the event, which range up to 5 × 10 14 -2 × 10 15 kg (∼200-800 km 3 of dense magma), which would make this the largest eruption of the historic period, and one of the very largest of the Holocene. The associated collapse caldera could have had a diameter up to 10-30 km. Palaeoclimate reconstructions indicate very cold austral and boreal summers in AD 1257-59, consistent with known patterns of continental summer cooling following tropical, sulphur-rich explosive eruptions. This suggests an eruption in AD 1257, producing a stronger climate forcing than hitherto recognized.

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A continuous 770‐year record of volcanic activity from east Antarctica

Cited by 93 publications

References 21 publications

Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperature over the past 600 years

Influence of volcanic eruptions on Northern Hemisphere summer temperature over the past 600 years

Volcanic forcing of climate over the past 1500 years: An improved ice core‐based index for climate models

Ice core and palaeoclimatic evidence for the timing and nature of the great mid‐13th century volcanic eruption

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