A cortical network that marks the moment when conscious representations are updated

Stöttinger, Elisabeth; Filipowicz, Alex; Valadao, Derick; Culham, Jody C.; Goodale, Melvyn A.; Anderson, Britt; Danckert, James

doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.037

Cited by 20 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 34 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…In healthy individuals, an association between the right insula—commonly damaged in our patients—and exploration of alternative interpretations in stochastic and uncertain environments has been found by several groups (Blanchard and Gershman 2018 ; Ohira et al 2013 , 2014 ; Laureiro-Martínez et al 2015 ). When we presented healthy individuals with some of the gradually morphing picture sets used here in an fMRI experiment, we found that the anterior insula was active not only at the actual time point of reported object change but also about five seconds before—consistent with the involvement of the anterior insula in the exploration of alternative choices (Stöttinger et al 2015 ). We have recently replicated this finding (Stöttinger et al 2018 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

“…Due to our small sample size, these data are underpowered for statistical analyses of lesion location and performance scores [e.g., voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping; (VLSM; Bates et al 2003 )]. Thus, while acknowledging the exploratory nature of the data, we include them for comparison with prior reports, and for the purpose of generating structure–function hypotheses (Danckert et al 2012b ; Stöttinger et al 2014 , 2015 ).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Updating impairments and the failure to explore new hypotheses following right brain damage

et al. 2018

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

We have shown recently that damage to the right hemisphere impairs the ability to update mental models when evidence suggests an old model is no longer appropriate. We argue that this deficit is generic in the sense that it crosses multiple cognitive and perceptual domains. Here, we examined the nature of this updating impairment to determine more precisely the underlying mechanisms. We had right (RBD, N = 12) and left brain damaged (LBD, N = 10) patients perform versions of our picture-morphing task in which pictures gradually morph from one object (e.g., shark) to another (e.g., plane). Performance was contrasted against two groups of healthy older controls, one matched on age (HCO-age-matched, N = 9) and another matched on general level of cognitive ability (HCO-cognitively-matched, N = 9). We replicated our earlier findings showing that RBD patients took longer than LBD patients and HCOs to report seeing the second object in a sequence of morphing images. The groups did not differ when exposed to a morphing sequence a second time, or when responding to ambiguous images outside the morphing context. This indicates that RBD patients have little difficulty alternating between known representations or labeling ambiguous images. Instead, the difficulty lies in generating alternate hypotheses for ambiguous information. Lesion overlay analyses, although speculative given the sample size, are consistent with our fMRI work in healthy individuals in implicating the anterior insular cortex as critical for updating mental models.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 62%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Updating impairments and the failure to explore new hypotheses following right brain damage

et al. 2018

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Moreover, we cannot exclude that state transitions may be modulated by top-down mechanisms originated in higher level regions such as mid-frontal regions and the insula, which showed significant switch-related activity and correlated with perceptual decision both in our study and others [Rebola et al, 2012;Stottinger et al, 2015]. Interestingly, we found a positive correlation between brain activity patterns and the number of individually reported perceptual switches in the right anterior insula (BA 13).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 50%

Pivotal role of hMT+ in long‐range disambiguation of interhemispheric bistable surface motion

Duarte

Costa

Martins

2017

Human Brain Mapping

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

It remains an open question whether long-range disambiguation of ambiguous surface motion can be achieved in early visual cortex or instead in higher level regions, which concerns object/surface segmentation/integration mechanisms. We used a bistable moving stimulus that can be perceived as a pattern comprehending both visual hemi-fields moving coherently downward or as two widely segregated nonoverlapping component objects (in each visual hemi-field) moving separately inward. This paradigm requires long-range integration across the vertical meridian leading to interhemispheric binding. Our fMRI study (n = 30) revealed a close relation between activity in hMT+ and perceptual switches involving interhemispheric segregation/integration of motion signals, crucially under nonlocal conditions where components do not overlap and belong to distinct hemispheres. Higher signal changes were found in hMT+ in response to spatially segregated component (incoherent) percepts than to pattern (coherent) percepts. This did not occur in early visual cortex, unlike apparent motion, which does not entail surface segmentation. We also identified a role for top-down mechanisms in state transitions. Deconvolution analysis of switch-related changes revealed prefrontal, insula, and cingulate areas, with the right superior parietal lobule (SPL) being particularly involved. We observed that directed influences could emerge either from left or right hMT+ during bistable motion integration/segregation. SPL also exhibited significant directed functional connectivity with hMT+, during perceptual state maintenance (Granger causality analysis). Our results suggest that long-range interhemispheric binding of ambiguous motion representations mainly reflect bottom-up processes from hMT+ during perceptual state maintenance. In contrast, state transitions maybe influenced by high-level regions such as the SPL. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4882-4897, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

show abstract

“…One possible source of such information is the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC ; Aston-Jones & Cohen, 2005), which is reciprocally connected with the LC and has been proposed to guide executive control, allocating when and how executive resources are used during cognitively demanding tasks (Filipowicz et al, 2016;Shenhav, Botvinick, & Cohen, 2013;Shenhav, Cohen, & Botvinick, 2016;Shenhav et al, 2017). During adaptive decision-making, the ACC and the anterior insula are active when changes are detected and mental models are updated (Behrens et al, 2007;Donoso, Collins, & Koechlin, 2014;McGuire et al, 2014;O'Reilly et al, 2013;Sarafyazd & Jazayeri, 2019;Stöttinger et al, 2015). Moreover, these kinds of signals have been linked directly with computations related to surprise and uncertainty (McGuire et al, 2014;Nassar, Mcguire, Ritz, & Kable, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, these kinds of signals have been linked directly with computations related to surprise and uncertainty (McGuire et al, 2014;Nassar, Mcguire, Ritz, & Kable, 2019). The ACC and anterior insula mediate activation of prefrontal cortical regions, such as the anterior and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Bastin et al, 2017;Domenech & Koechlin, 2015;Ham, Leff, de Boissezon, Joffe, & Sharp, 2013;Menon & Uddin, 2010;Stöttinger et al, 2015), that are involved in the prospective and counterfactual reasoning that are characteristic of the exploratory strategies humans use to update mental models (Daw, O'Doherty, Dayan, Seymour, & Dolan, 2006;Domenech & Koechlin, 2015;Donoso et al, 2014;Koechlin & Hyafil, 2007;Koechlin & Summerfield, 2007;Stöttinger et al, 2015;Zajkowski, Kossut, & Wilson, 2017). Our results suggest that increased activity in the LC, along with the network of brain regions with which it connects, could be more engaged in subjects with more complex mental models, guiding some of the idiosyncratic strategies observed between subjects.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pupil diameter encodes the idiosyncratic, cognitive complexity of belief updating

Filipowicz

Glaze

Kable

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pupils tend to dilate in response to surprising events, but whether these responses are primarily stimulus driven or instead reflect a more nuanced relationship between pupillinked arousal systems and cognitive expectations is not known. Using an auditory adaptive decision-making task, we show that evoked pupil diameter is modulated more strongly by violations of learned, top-down expectations than by changes in low-level stimulus properties. We further show that both baseline and evoked pupil diameter is modulated by the degree to which individual subjects use these violations to update their subsequent expectations, as reflected in the complexity of their updating strategy. Together these results demonstrate a central role for cognitive processing in how arousal systems respond to new inputs and, via our complexity-based analyses, provide a unified framework for understanding these effects in terms of both inference processes aimed to reduce belief uncertainty and more traditional notions of mental effort.

show abstract

A cortical network that marks the moment when conscious representations are updated

Cited by 20 publications

References 34 publications

Updating impairments and the failure to explore new hypotheses following right brain damage

Updating impairments and the failure to explore new hypotheses following right brain damage

Pivotal role of hMT+ in long‐range disambiguation of interhemispheric bistable surface motion

Pupil diameter encodes the idiosyncratic, cognitive complexity of belief updating

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About