A critical review of carbonate reservoir wettability modification during low salinity waterflooding

Sagbana, Perekaboere Ivy; Sarkodie, Kwame; Nkrumah, Wilberforce Aggrey

doi:10.1016/j.petlm.2022.01.006

Cited by 41 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…A similar variation in contact angle was observed in the case of FW, where cases of Arab light, medium, and heavy crudes had 84°, 79°, and 90° of contact angle, respectively. The wetting state of the carbonate rock in this study is intermediate in all cases, regardless of the crude type and contacting brine, which varies from the reported cases of carbonate rock being oil wet in the literature. − This discrepancy supports observations that link the asphaltene samples’ carboxylic content to the carbonate samples’ oil wetness . As a result, samples of asphaltene devoid of carboxylic groups can only produce an intermediate wetting condition.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

Effect of Reservoir Mineralogy on Asphaltene Structure and Remediation Strategy Efficiency

et al. 2022

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For many years, formation damage caused by asphaltene precipitation and deposition has been an issue. The most detrimental impacts are changes to wettability, permeability, and flow area, which ultimately reduce production. To this end, several remediation methods, with considerable economic ramifications, have been adopted, including mechanical removal of the deposits or injection of chemicals to dissolve the deposits. Due to its advantages over mechanical procedures, chemical injection has been used extensively in the industry to remove asphaltene deposits; nonetheless, this method does not completely remove all the deposits. Xylene and petroleum naphtha are two of the most effective fluids used for asphaltene deposit remediation, with their effectiveness based on how aromatic the asphaltene deposit is. Considering this, the effectiveness of remedial activities will be impacted by changes in the aromaticity or structural characteristics of asphaltene. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine how reservoir rock mineralogy affects the structural characteristics of asphaltene molecules and how those characteristics affect remediation efforts. X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Rock-Eval analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and elemental analysis were used in this investigation to analyze the asphaltene samples. Furthermore, the effectiveness of xylene as an asphaltene remediation fluid was examined. The results show that the asphaltene samples from the Arab light, medium, and heavy crude oil samples are roughly the same in terms of composition but vary by structural makeup. Furthermore, the asphaltene samples from these crude oils lack the carboxylic functional group that gives most carbonate rocks their oil wetness, leading to intermediate wetness in the analyzed situations. Additionally, rock mineralogy has an impact on the structural characteristics of asphaltene, which in turn impacts how well remediation fluids work to clear up asphaltene deposits.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 75%

Effect of Reservoir Mineralogy on Asphaltene Structure and Remediation Strategy Efficiency

et al. 2022

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“…Figure 4 demonstrates the release of surface-active components from the oleic phase by calcium and magnesium at the oil-wet surface of the rock, which in turn reduces the oil-wet nature of the rock surface. 31,33,38 The MIE process is known to be temperature dependent. At low temperatures, the Ca 2+ ions tend to be more strongly attracted to the surface to interact with the −COO − fractions in crude oil.…”

Section: ■ Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dissolution of calcite minerals increases to compensate for the loss of Ca 2+ ions. If calcite dissolution occurs in the areas where the oil molecules have been absorbed, it can release oil molecules from the rock surface. , Calcite dissolution could also enlarge the pore sizes and improve the connectivity between the micro- and macropores. , This mechanism is driven by the presence of acid in the water, which reacts with the calcium carbonate minerals in the rock, producing calcium and bicarbonate ions and causing an increase in the pH of the imbibing brine by releasing OH – .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of pH on the Dominant Mechanisms of Oil Recovery by Low Salinity Water in Fractured Carbonates

Kashiri,

Garapov,

Pourafshary

2023

Energy Fuels

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The spontaneous imbibition process involves the fluid flow driven by gravity and capillary forces between the matrix and fractures, which is a critical mechanism in oil production in naturally fractured reservoirs (NFRs). Previous studies have explored how various rock and fluid parameters, such as temperature, permeability, connate water saturation, and initial wettability, impact the performance of low salinity water in NFRs using spontaneous imbibition tests. In this particular study, we aimed to investigate the influence of pH on wettability alteration and oil recovery in carbonate-fractured porous media through imbibition at high temperatures. To accomplish this, we utilized a combination of imbibition tests, ion chromatography analysis, contact angle study, and ξ-potential and pH value measurements to verify changes in fluid–rock interactions and evaluate the driving mechanisms of incremental oil recovery by low salinity water at different pH conditions. Our test results have demonstrated that the ultimate recovery factor for each brine remains consistent regardless of the pH levels of the brine solution. However, we observed a significant variation in the oil recovery rate by imbibition. This suggests that the pH of the contacted brine has an impact on the dominant recovery mechanism. Our analysis of ion chromatography and data on the contact angle, ξ-potential, and pH variation has indicated that calcite dissolution and the alkali effect are the primary mechanisms at different pH values. At high pH conditions, the production rates are initially low due to the alkali effect, but they increase as calcite dissolution becomes active. In contrast, under low pH conditions, the recovery rate decreases during production due to the activation of the alkali effect.

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“…It is observed that an uncoated surface is almost neutrally wet [39], and the CaCO 3 coating makes the surface more oil-wet. Carbonate reservoirs are oil-wet [40,41], and the ultrasonic-assisted surface coating has helped make the neutrally wet 3D printed surface more oil-wet. From the contact angle measurements, it can be inferred that the wettability conditions in the CaCO 3 -coated 3D prints have turned closer to that of the carbonate reservoirs.…”

Section: Surface Modificationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface modification of stereolithography-based 3D printed structures utilizing ultrasonic-atomised sprays

et al. 2023

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Stereolithography (SLA)-based three-dimensional (3D) printing has become a popular tool for creating experimental models to study the two-phase flow behavior in complex flow structures. The main drawback while implementing such models is the wettability nature of the 3D printed surfaces. As non-geological materials are used while printing the porous designs, the flow mechanics do not follow similar patterns as in the reservoir. This work demonstrates the feasibility of using an SLA-based printing technique to replicate a porous structure. The porosity and pore size values of the 3D print are observed to be very close to that of the porous input image of the rock sample. A simple method to modify the surface characteristics of 3D printed surfaces using an ultrasonic-atomized fine spraying technique is developed. Here a thin layer of CaCO3 is deposited on the 3D printed surface by subjecting it to fine alternate sprays of calcium chloride and sodium carbonate. Thirty cycles of coating are observed to have altered the surface's wettability from neutral to oil-wet, resembling a carbonate reservoir. Graphical abstract Ultrasonic assisted coating of 3D-printed surfaces.

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A critical review of carbonate reservoir wettability modification during low salinity waterflooding

Cited by 41 publications

References 123 publications

Effect of Reservoir Mineralogy on Asphaltene Structure and Remediation Strategy Efficiency

Effect of Reservoir Mineralogy on Asphaltene Structure and Remediation Strategy Efficiency

Effect of pH on the Dominant Mechanisms of Oil Recovery by Low Salinity Water in Fractured Carbonates

Surface modification of stereolithography-based 3D printed structures utilizing ultrasonic-atomised sprays

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