“…[1][2][3][4] Different materials have been studied for 3D printing, such as polymers, metals, and ceramics, in the form of powders, colloids, solutions, gels, and filaments. 5,6 These materials possess unique mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, and biomedical properties suitable for broad applications in thermal packaging, microelectronics, and biomedical areas. [7][8][9] Even though 3D printing offers different advantages, such as rapid prototyping, fewer material compositions, faster production, product customization, and comprehensive material selection, each 3D printing technique has certain limitations.…”