A cross-sectional analysis of the association between diet and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-2, and IGFBP-3 in men in the United Kingdom

Young, N. J.; Metcalfe, Chris; Gunnell, David; Rowlands, Mari‐Anne; Lane, Athene; Gilbert, Rebecca; Avery, Kerry; Davis, Michael J.; Neal, David E.; Hamdy, Freddie C.; Donovan, Jenny; Martin, Richard M.; Holly, Jeffrey M P

doi:10.1007/s10552-012-9961-6

Cited by 34 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…Others have also reported similar associations between total protein intake and circulating IGF-I in men, women, and children [3,4,[13][14][15][16][17][18]. Similarly, others have shown positive associations between dairy protein [3,4,14], milk [13,18], and dairy products [3,18] intakes and circulating IGF-I concentrations [19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…Higher circulating concentrations of IGF-I are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer [2]. In well-nourished populations higher total protein and dairy protein intakes have been associated with higher circulating IGF-I concentrations [3,4]. Some [2,5], but not all [6], investigators have reported a modest positive association between adult height and circulating IGF-I concentrations, and others have found an inverted-U-shaped association between body mass index (BMI) and circulating IGF-I concentrations, with a peak occurring around 23 to 27 kg/m 2 , and those with low or high BMIs having relatively low circulating IGF-I concentrations [2,7,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The association of plasma IGF-I with dietary, lifestyle, anthropometric, and early life factors in postmenopausal women

Bradbury

Balkwill

Tipper

et al. 2015

Growth Hormone & IGF Research

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 77%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association of plasma IGF-I with dietary, lifestyle, anthropometric, and early life factors in postmenopausal women

Bradbury

Balkwill

Tipper

et al. 2015

Growth Hormone & IGF Research

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“…Two studies examined the association between milk/dairy protein intake and IGF-II levels; a large study of milk intake in elderly Japanese men ( p = 0.001) [47] and a smaller study of dairy protein intake in Caucasian men (p = 0.28) [48]. The studies showed a very weak positive association between milk and dairy protein intake and IGF-II levels (effect estimate: <0.05 SDs, range 0.00–0.05 SDs, Supplementary Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does milk intake promote prostate cancer initiation or progression via effects on insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)? A systematic review and meta-analysis

Harrison

Lennon

Holly

et al. 2017

Cancer Causes Control

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PurposeTo establish whether the association between milk intake and prostate cancer operates via the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) pathway (including IGF-I, IGF-II, IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2, and IGFBP-3).MethodsSystematic review, collating data from all relevant studies examining associations of milk with IGF, and those examining associations of IGF with prostate cancer risk and progression. Data were extracted from experimental and observational studies conducted in either humans or animals, and analyzed using meta-analysis where possible, with summary data presented otherwise.ResultsOne hundred and seventy-two studies met the inclusion criteria: 31 examining the milk–IGF relationship; 132 examining the IGF–prostate cancer relationship in humans; and 10 animal studies examining the IGF–prostate cancer relationship. There was moderate evidence that circulating IGF-I and IGFBP-3 increase with milk (and dairy protein) intake (an estimated standardized effect size of 0.10 SD increase in IGF-I and 0.05 SD in IGFBP-3 per 1 SD increase in milk intake). There was moderate evidence that prostate cancer risk increased with IGF-I (Random effects meta-analysis OR per SD increase in IGF-I 1.09; 95% CI 1.03, 1.16; n = 51 studies) and decreased with IGFBP-3 (OR 0.90; 0.83, 0.98; n = 39 studies), but not with other growth factors. The IGFBP-3 -202A/C single nucleotide polymorphism was positively associated with prostate cancer (pooled OR for A/C vs. AA = 1.22; 95% CI 0.84, 1.79; OR for C/C vs. AA = 1.51; 1.03, 2.21, n = 8 studies). No strong associations were observed for IGF-II, IGFBP-1 or IGFBP-2 with either milk intake or prostate cancer risk. There was little consistency within the data extracted from the small number of animal studies. There was additional evidence to suggest that the suppression of IGF-II can reduce tumor size, and contradictory evidence with regards to the effect of IGFBP-3 suppression on tumor progression.ConclusionIGF-I is a potential mechanism underlying the observed associations between milk intake and prostate cancer risk.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10552-017-0883-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition clearly confirmed the correlation between increased dairy protein consumption and raised IGF-1 serum concentrations in adults [129,130]. A recent cross-sectional analysis using data of 1,798 men in the UK demonstrated that for one standard deviation increase in dairy protein intake, IGF-1 increased by 6.02 ng/ml [131]. Among other animal- and plant-derived proteins, dairy protein was most strongly associated with increased IGF-1 serum concentrations [131].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…A recent cross-sectional analysis using data of 1,798 men in the UK demonstrated that for one standard deviation increase in dairy protein intake, IGF-1 increased by 6.02 ng/ml [131]. Among other animal- and plant-derived proteins, dairy protein was most strongly associated with increased IGF-1 serum concentrations [131]. Notably, low versus high meat intake was not associated with a change of IGF-1 serum levels [131].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of cow's milk-mediated mTORC1-signaling in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer

et al. 2012

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Prostate cancer (PCa) is dependent on androgen receptor signaling and aberrations of the PI3K-Akt-mTORC1 pathway mediating excessive and sustained growth signaling. The nutrient-sensitive kinase mTORC1 is upregulated in nearly 100% of advanced human PCas. Oncogenic mTORC1 signaling activates key subsets of mRNAs that cooperate in distinct steps of PCa initiation and progression. Epidemiological evidence points to increased dairy protein consumption as a major dietary risk factor for the development of PCa. mTORC1 is a master regulator of protein synthesis, lipid synthesis and autophagy pathways that couple nutrient sensing to cell growth and cancer. This review provides evidence that PCa initiation and progression are promoted by cow´s milk, but not human milk, stimulation of mTORC1 signaling. Mammalian milk is presented as an endocrine signaling system, which activates mTORC1, promotes cell growth and proliferation and suppresses autophagy. Naturally, milk-mediated mTORC1 signaling is restricted only to the postnatal growth phase of mammals. However, persistent consumption of cow´s milk proteins in humans provide highly insulinotropic branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) provided by milk´s fast hydrolysable whey proteins, which elevate postprandial plasma insulin levels, and increase hepatic IGF-1 plasma concentrations by casein-derived amino acids. BCAAs, insulin and IGF-1 are pivotal activating signals of mTORC1. Increased cow´s milk protein-mediated mTORC1 signaling along with constant exposure to commercial cow´s milk estrogens derived from pregnant cows may explain the observed association between high dairy consumption and increased risk of PCa in Westernized societies. As well-balanced mTORC1-signaling plays an important role in appropriate prostate morphogenesis and differentiation, exaggerated mTORC1-signaling by high cow´s milk consumption predominantly during critical growth phases of prostate development and differentiation may exert long-term adverse effects on prostate health. Attenuation of mTORC1 signaling by contemporary Paleolithic diets and restriction of dairy protein intake, especially during mTORC1-dependent phases of prostate development and differentiation, may offer protection from the most common dairy-promoted cancer in men of Western societies.

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A cross-sectional analysis of the association between diet and insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF-II, IGF-binding protein (IGFBP)-2, and IGFBP-3 in men in the United Kingdom

Cited by 34 publications

References 35 publications

The association of plasma IGF-I with dietary, lifestyle, anthropometric, and early life factors in postmenopausal women

The association of plasma IGF-I with dietary, lifestyle, anthropometric, and early life factors in postmenopausal women

Does milk intake promote prostate cancer initiation or progression via effects on insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)? A systematic review and meta-analysis

The impact of cow's milk-mediated mTORC1-signaling in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer

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