A Cross-Sectional Study on Assessment of Oxidative Stress in Coronary Heart Disease Patients in Bangladesh

Abstract

Oxidative stress is considered a central factor in endothelial dysfunction and plaque formation in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients. In this crosssectional study, the stress-induced protein and lipid oxidation and production of signaling molecule, nitric oxide has been investigated in CHD patients in Bangladesh. A total of 140 participants were enrolled of which 70 were CHD patients, and the remaining 70 were control subjects having no cardiovascular disease. The diagnosis of CHD was made by expert physicians through characteristic electrocardiogram and troponin changes. The protein carbonyls and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels in plasma of both groups were measured by spectrophotometric methods. The plasma nitric oxide levels were measured by reaction with Griess reagent. Statistical non-parametric tests and t-tests were used to analyze the results between the CHD patients and controls. In the patients, the mean protein carbonyls and TBARS, two important markers of oxidative stress, were 2.87 ± 0.97 nmol/mg and 6.92 ± 3.56 nmol/mL, respectively, which were significantly higher than in the control subjects, 1.71 ± 0.82 nmol/mg and 3.15 ± 1.42 nmol/mL, respectively. Assessment of the cardiovascular signaling molecule nitric oxide showed significantly lower value in the CHD patients (6.29 ± 4.78 µM) compared to the controls (10.75 ± 6.03 µM). There was a significant negative correlation between plasma TBARS and total plasma protein, and a weak negative correlation between TBARS and nitric oxide levels in the CHD patients. Evaluation of the smoking habit strongly suggested that smoking was a risk factor for the development of CHD among the Bangladeshi population. These results provide an overview of oxidative stress-mediated damages on proteins, lipids and effects on signaling molecule nitric oxide in CHD patients.

Oxidase Enzyme Activities and Their Correlations with Antioxidative Stress Biomarkers in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome in Bangladesh

“…All major risk factors for atherosclerosis such as hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, and smoking have been found associated with reduced NO bioavailability [33]. In the current study, the nitric oxide level was significantly lower in the ACS patients, which was consistent with previous findings [20] [34].…”

“…It may be mentioned that due to stringent inclusion criteria, it was difficult to obtain samples from age-matched control subjects. Further, smoking and previously diagnosed hypertension appeared to be significant risk factors for the development of ACS, as reported earlier [20] [25]. Previous investigators observed that the vascular NADPH oxidase (NOX) was linked to the pathological states associated with hypertension and endothelial [26].…”

“…Endothelium-derived NO level was determined using the Griess Reagent System, as described previously [20].…”

Association of albumin, fibrinogen, and modified proteins with acute coronary syndrome

“…The most widely used biomarker for oxidative damage to proteins is protein carbonyls that reflects cellular damage induced by multiple forms of ROS [ 9 ]. In the present study, the protein carbonyls of the ACS cases were significantly higher than the controls, which agreed with previous findings [ 22 , 32 ]. In addition, a protein carbonyl level greater than 2.21 nmol/mg with a sensitivity and specificity of 83.0 and 79.7% showed its association with ACS.…”

“…The IMA in the serum was determined according to the method of Bar-Or et al [ 7 ] and detailed previously [ 20 ]. Protein oxidation was estimated by measuring the protein carbonyl content of the plasma samples by the method described by Levine et al [ 21 ] and detailed previously [ 22 ].…”