A crossover adjustment for improving sea surface height mapping from in-situ high rate ship-borne GNSS data using PPP technique

Τhe “GPS/GNSS on Boat” Technique for the Determination of the Sea Surface Topography and Geoid: A Critical Review

“…The next paper we consider was published by Guo et al ( 2016) [13] and presented the first application of the ship-borne GNSS method improved with the crossover point adjustment technique. The study area was the coastal sea near Keelung, located on the north exit of the Taiwan Strait, east of the West Pacific Ocean.…”

“…The GNSS receiver used was a LEICA SR530 with antennae of AT502 Pillar. The GNSS onboard data was processed with the PPP method [52] and filtered by the Gaussian filter with the window of 120 s. The NAO.99b model [53] was used to remove the ocean tide (Figure 10, Left) [13]. In this study there were 15 crossover points.…”

“…However, these devices allowed the measurement of SSHs only at specific points and therefore they could not lead to the determination of SST. Therefore, the replacement of GPS on spar/wave rider buoys by GPS/GNSS on moving vessels of various types and sizes for determining SST was an important step in the development of the technique [3,4,[6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. In this context, various structures suitable for different marine environments were developed to overcome difficulties related to the particular characteristics of each study area.…”

“…In this context, various structures suitable for different marine environments were developed to overcome difficulties related to the particular characteristics of each study area. These involved the use of a single ship [3,4,6,8,[10][11][12][13][14]16,18,20,21], the use of escort floating means [7,9,17,19] and the use of a self-propelled wave glider/unmanned surface vehicle [14,18]. A very important step was the application of the technique using cruise [9] or passenger ships [21].…”

“…The introduction of the GNSS methodology, i.e., the utilization of satellites in addition to those of the GPS system [9,12,13,[15][16][17][18][19]21] and the joint use of more than one GPS or GNSS receivers [3,5,15,17,20] on the main ship/escort floating meant that as well as the joint use of a GPS/GNSS with another apparatus (radar water level gauge [6], gravimeter [12], acoustic altimeter [19]) constituted important contributions in the development of the "GPS/GNSS on boat" technique, principally in view of achieving greater accuracy. An important step in the development of the "GPS/GNSS on boat" technique was the application of the PPP procedure for processing the experimental data which proved to work successfully without GPS/GNSS stations on land.…”