A Cursed and Fragmented Island: History and Conflict Analysis in Bougainville, Papua New Guinea

Whose recovery? IFI prescriptions for postwar states

“…Indeed, the Panguna mine, once the largest copper mine in the world, triggered a decade-long civil war and left physical, environmental and psychological scars across Bougainville. Customary landowners, aggrieved by the mining operation's serious social and environmental impacts, organized a campaign of industrial sabotage that led to Panguna's closure in 1989, and large-scale mining has been banned from Bougainville for the last 30 years (Adamo, 2018;Ginnivan, 2016).…”