A cytoskeletal basis for wood formation in angiosperm trees: the involvement of cortical microtubules

Chaffey, Nigel; Barnett, John; Barlow, Peter W.

doi:10.1007/s004250050530

Cited by 55 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Changes in the alignment of cellulose microfibrils in developing cell walls of xylem and phloem have in fact been linked to changes in MT orientation in both hardwood and softwood tree species (Abe et al, 1995;Chaffey et al, 1997Chaffey et al, , 1999. A recent report on functional associations between cellulose synthase complexes and MTs by time-lapse visualization provides further evidence for a direct cytoskeletal guidance mechanism during cellulose deposition (Paredez et al, 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

Differential Expansion and Expression ofα- andβ-Tubulin Gene Families inPopulus

et al. 2007

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Microtubule organization is intimately associated with cellulose microfibril deposition, central to plant secondary cell wall development. We have determined that a relatively large suite of eight a-TUBULIN (TUA) and 20 b-TUBULIN (TUB) genes is expressed in the woody perennial Populus. A number of features, including gene number, a:b gene representation, amino acid changes at the C terminus, and transcript abundance in wood-forming tissue, distinguish the Populus tubulin suite from that of Arabidopsis thaliana. Five of the eight Populus TUAs are unusual in that they contain a C-terminal methionine, glutamic acid, or glutamine, instead of the more typical, and potentially regulatory, C-terminal tyrosine. Both C-terminal Y-type (TUA1) and M-type (TUA5) TUAs were highly expressed in wood-forming tissues and pollen, while the Y-type TUA6 and TUA8 were abundant only in pollen. Transcripts of the disproportionately expanded TUB family were present at comparatively low levels, with phylogenetically distinct classes predominating in xylem and pollen. When tension wood induction was used as a model system to examine changes in tubulin gene expression under conditions of augmented cellulose deposition, xylem-abundant TUA and TUB genes were up-regulated. Immunolocalization of TUA and TUB in xylem and phloem fibers of stems further supported the notion of heavy microtubule involvement during cellulose microfibril deposition in secondary walls. The high degree of sequence diversity, differential expansion, and differential regulation of Populus TUA and TUB families may confer flexibility in cell wall formation that is of adaptive significance to the woody perennial growth habit.

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confidence: 99%

Differential Expansion and Expression ofα- andβ-Tubulin Gene Families inPopulus

et al. 2007

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“…Thus, the long est fusiform cambial initial of horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) is 329 μm, whereas the length of its derivative, libriform fiber, is 517 μm [9]. In various woody plants, the length of fibers of secondary xylem increases up to 150-400% of the length of cambial ini tials [10].…”

Section: Arguments For Fiber Intrusivementioning

confidence: 99%

Intrusive growth of sclerenchyma fibers

Snegireva

Ageeva

Amenitskii

et al. 2010

Russ J Plant Physiol

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Abstract-Intrusive growth is a type of cell elongation when the rate of its longitudinal growth is higher than that of surrounding cells; therefore, these cells intrude between the neighboring cells penetrating the middle lamella. The review considers the classical example of intrusive growth, e.g., elongation of sclerenchyma fibers when the cells achieve the length of several centimeters. We sum the published results of investigations of plant fiber intrusive growth and present some features of intrusive growth characterized by the authors for flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) and hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) fibers. The following characteristics of intrusive growth are considered: its rate and duration, relationship with the growth rate of surrounding cells, the type of cell elongation, peculiarities of the fiber primary cell wall structure, fibers as multinucleate cells, and also the control of intrusive growth. Genes, which expression is sharply reduced at suppression of intrusive growth, are also considered. Arguments for separation of cell elongation and secondary cell wall formation in phloem fibers and also data indicating diffuse type of cell enlargement during intrusive growth are presented.

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“…Several studies illustrated that bordered pit membranes are outlined in the primary wall of cambial derivatives by cortical microtubules (Uehara and Hogetsu 1993;Chaffey et al 1997Chaffey et al , 1999Chaffey et al , 2000Funada et al 1997Funada et al , 2001Oda et al 2005). These microtubules determine the cell wall pattern by guiding the movement of the cellulose synthesizing complexes (Gunning and Hardham 1982).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparative ultrastructural study of pit membranes with plasmodesmata associated thickenings in four angiosperm species

Rabaey¹,

Lens²,

Huysmans³

et al. 2008

Protoplasma

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Recent micromorphological observations of angiosperm pit membranes have extended the number and range of taxa with pseudo-tori in tracheary elements. This study investigates at ultrastructural level (TEM) the development of pseudo-tori in the unrelated Malus yunnanensis, Ligustrum vulgare, Pittosporum tenuifolium, and Vaccinium myrtillus in order to determine whether these plasmodesmata associated thickenings have a similar developmental pattern across flowering plants. At early ontogenetic stages, the formation of a primary thickening was observed, resulting from swelling of the pit membrane in fibre-tracheids and vessel elements. Since plasmodesmata appear to be frequently, but not always, associated with these primary pit membrane thickenings, it remains unclear which ultrastructural characteristics control the formation of pseudo-tori. At a very late stage during xylem differentiation, a secondary thickening is deposited on the primary pit membrane thickening. Plasmodesmata are always associated with pseudo-tori at these final developmental stages. After autolysis, the secondary thickening becomes electron-dense and persistent, while the primary thickening turns transparent and partially or entirely dissolves. The developmental patterns observed in the species studied are similar and agree with former ontogenetic studies in Rosaceae, suggesting that pseudo-tori might be homologous features across angiosperms.

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A cytoskeletal basis for wood formation in angiosperm trees: the involvement of cortical microtubules

Cited by 55 publications

References 27 publications

Differential Expansion and Expression ofα- andβ-Tubulin Gene Families inPopulus

Differential Expansion and Expression ofα- andβ-Tubulin Gene Families inPopulus

Intrusive growth of sclerenchyma fibers

A comparative ultrastructural study of pit membranes with plasmodesmata associated thickenings in four angiosperm species

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