A de novo transcriptome analysis revealed that photomorphogenic genes are required for carotenoid synthesis in the dark-grown carrot taproot

Arias, Daniela; Maldonado, Jonathan; Silva, Herman; Stange, Claudia

doi:10.1007/s00438-020-01707-4

Cited by 17 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 96 publications

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“…On the other hand, the molecular mechanism that is described in Arabidopsis roots exposed to W light may resemble those shown in carrot taproot when it is grown exposed to W light [2,161]. PHYs and CRYs may induce the differentiation of leucoplast into chloroplasts, inducing taproot greening.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…PHYs and CRYs may induce the differentiation of leucoplast into chloroplasts, inducing taproot greening. In addition, in W light, the expression of photosynthetic genes are upregulated in comparison with dark-grown taproot [161], showing that the photosynthetic machinery is actively required for chloroplasts development in the carrot root [161]. Genes such as Lhcb1*3 and RbcS expressed in the root of Arabidopsis when it is exposed to light remain to be identified in the carrot transcriptome and further characterization will shed light on this mechanism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this context, the carrot taproot could be in low R/FR ratio condition and not in darkness. This light quality could explain that genes such as DcPHYA, DcPHYB, DcPIF3, DcPAR1, DcCRY2, DcFHY3, DcFAR1, and DcCOP1 are overexpressed in comparison with roots exposed to W light [161]. However, the role and the specific contribution of these genes in the synthesis of carotenoids in the carrot taproot grown underground has to be determined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the accu-mulation of carotenoids in carrot root, an RNA-seq analysis between dark (underground)and W light-grown carrot roots was carried out. Interestingly, it was determined that light-regulated genes that participate in plastid development and carotenoid synthesis in photosynthetic tissue and fruits, such as DcPHYA, DcPHYB, DcPIF3, DcPAR1, DcCRY2, DcFHY3, DcFAR1, and DcCOP1 were preferably expressed in dark-grown roots and could therefore be involved in the regulation of carotenoid synthesis in the carrot taproot [161]. Therefore, similar to citrus, mango, and melon, the carotenogenic gene expression and carotenoids synthesized in this taproot could be ascribed to the presence of FR light even when it is grown underground.…”

Section: Roots: From Leucoplasts To Chromoplastsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Plastid Development in Plants: The Role of Light

Quian-Ulloa

Stange

2021

IJMS

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Light is an important cue that stimulates both plastid development and biosynthesis of carotenoids in plants. During photomorphogenesis or de-etiolation, photoreceptors are activated and molecular factors for carotenoid and chlorophyll biosynthesis are induced thereof. In fruits, light is absorbed by chloroplasts in the early stages of ripening, which allows a gradual synthesis of carotenoids in the peel and pulp with the onset of chromoplasts’ development. In roots, only a fraction of light reaches this tissue, which is not required for carotenoid synthesis, but it is essential for root development. When exposed to light, roots start greening due to chloroplast development. However, the colored taproot of carrot grown underground presents a high carotenoid accumulation together with chromoplast development, similar to citrus fruits during ripening. Interestingly, total carotenoid levels decrease in carrots roots when illuminated and develop chloroplasts, similar to normal roots exposed to light. The recent findings of the effect of light quality upon the induction of molecular factors involved in carotenoid synthesis in leaves, fruit, and roots are discussed, aiming to propose consensus mechanisms in order to contribute to the understanding of carotenoid synthesis regulation by light in plants.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Roots: From Leucoplasts To Chromoplastsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carotenoid Biosynthesis and Plastid Development in Plants: The Role of Light

Quian-Ulloa

Stange

2021

IJMS

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“…Unlike other plants, orange carrots accumulate large amounts of carotenoids in its underground and dark-grown taproots (Stange et al, 2008; Fuentes et al, 2012; Rodriguez-Concepción and Stange, 2013). Surprisingly, root exposure to white light (W) causes a reduction in the expression of carotenogenic genes such as PSYs and LYCOPENE BETA-CYCLASES ( LCYBs ) and a decrease in carotenoid levels (Fuentes et al, 2012; Llorente et al, 2017; Arias et al, 2020). Indeed, the carrot root grown in W has a thinner and greener phenotype and presents an enrichment of chloroplasts instead of carotenoid accumulating chromoplasts (Fuentes et al, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DcPAR1 is Required for Development and Carotenoid Synthesis in the Dark-Grown Carrot Taproot

Arias

Ortega

González

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Light stimulates carotenoid synthesis in plants during photomorphogenesis through the expression of PHYTOENE SYNTHASE (PSY), a key gene in carotenoid biosynthesis. The orange Daucus carota (carrot) synthesizes and accumulates high amounts of carotenoids in the taproot that grows underground. Contrary to other organs, light impairs carrot taproot development and represses the expression of carotenogenic genes such as DcPSY1 and DcPSY2 reducing carotenoid accumulation. By means of an RNA-seq, in previous analysis we observed that carrot PHYTOCHROME RAPIDLY REGULATED 1 (DcPAR1) is more expressed in the underground grown taproot respect to those grown in light. PAR1 is a transcriptional cofactor with a negative role in the shade avoidance syndrome regulation in Arabidopsis thaliana through the dimerization with PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs), allowing a moderate synthesis of carotenoids. Here we show that overexpressing AtPAR1 in carrot produces an increment of carotenoids in taproots grown underground as well as higher DcPSY1 expression. The high identity of AtPAR1 and DcPAR1 let us to suggest a functional role of DcPAR1 that was verified through the in vivo binding to AtPIF7 and the overexpression in Arabidopsis, where it increments AtPSY expression and carotenoid accumulation together with a photomorphogenic phenotype. Finally, DcPAR1 antisense carrot lines presented a dramatic decrease in carotenoids levels and in the relative expression of key carotenogenic genes as well as impairment in taproot development. These results let us to propose that DcPAR1 is a key factor for secondary root development, plastid differentiation and carotenoid synthesis in carrot taproot grown underground.

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