Armillaria species show considerable variation in ecological roles and virulence, from mycorrhizae and saprophytes to important root pathogens of trees and horticultural crops. We studied two Armillaria species that can be found in coniferous forests of northwestern USA and southwestern Canada. Armillaria altimontana is considered as a weak, opportunistic pathogen of coniferous trees, but it also appears to exhibit in situ biological control against A. solidipes, formerly North American A. ostoyae, which is considered a virulent pathogen of coniferous trees. Here, we describe their genome assemblies and present a functional annotation of the predicted genes and proteins for the two Armillaria species that exhibit contrasting ecological roles. In addition, the soil microbial communities were examined in association with the two Armillaria species within a 45-year-old plantation of western white pine (Pinus monticola) in northern Idaho, USA, where A. altimontana was associated with improved tree growth and survival, while A. solidipes was associated with reduced growth and survival.ostoyae) is considered one of the more virulent pathogens [13], although virulence varies depending on isolate, host age and other factors [14]. Armillaria mellea and A. borealis are also considered virulent pathogens, while A. gallica, A. cepistipes, A. gemina, A. calvescens, A. sinapina, and A. nabsnona are considered less virulent or secondary pathogens [10, 12,15, 16]. A recently described species, Armillaria altimontana, formerly North American biological species (NABS) X, is also usually considered as a weak pathogen [17], but evidence for pathogenicity is not well documented [18]. Armillaria solidipes (as A. ostoyae) and A. altimontana have been documented to co-occur within forest stands in the inland northwestern USA [18][19][20]. A previous study in northern Idaho, USA provided evidence that A. altimontana can provide natural biological control of Armillaria root disease of western white pine (Pinus monticola) caused by A. solidipes. In this study, A. solidipes was uncommon in areas dominated by A. altimontana, and trees colonized by A. solidipes were associated with a lower growth and survival than trees colonized only by A. altimontana. The results demonstrated that A. altimontana was not harmful to western white pine within the northern Idaho planting site, and further suggest that A. altimontana behaves as a long-term, in situ biological control agent against A. solidipes [20]. Recognizing the genetic or underlying soil factors that drive host-fungal interactions may provide approaches for enhancing the management of Armillaria root disease.The distribution, life cycle, pathogenicity, and evolutionary relationships have been studied for several Armillaria species [10, 12,14, 16,[21][22][23][24][25]. Collins et al. [26] studied the genome and proteome of A. mellea, identifying carbohydrate degrading enzymes, laccases, and lignin peroxidases among other geneencoded proteins. characterized the transcriptome of an A. solidipe...