The study of the wear behaviour of cobalt based alloys in nuclear reactor environmental conditions is the focus of this work. The alloys are used in components within reactors due to their excellent wear and corrosion resistance and their high hardness in the high pressure and temperature water facing environment. In the nuclear reactor core, cobalt is irradiated producing a highly penetrative gamma emitting isotope, cobalt 60 from stable cobalt 59. Wear of the cobalt alloys, producing wear debris, exacerbates this problem as it may be transported and deposited at various locations throughout the primary loop increasing the potential of radiation exposure. Removing this problem will require the removal of cobalt from the system.In order for suitable replacement materials to be identified, a better understanding of the behaviour of these alloys in the prototypical working conditions must be obtained. This work focuses on two cobalt based alloys used in the ball and race components of rolling element bearings in the reactor core, Stellite 20 and Haynes 25, respectively. The sliding wear behaviour of the alloys in an environment designed to replicate reactor conditions is examined using a bespoke pin on disc tribometer. Wear measurement and microstructural and compositional analysis of the samples tested over a range of conditions are presented and discussed.Concurrent to the experimental work is the development of a wear prediction model using a semi analytical method. The model employs Archard's wear law as the method of predicting wear using data obtained through experimentation. The accuracy of the semi analytical model is limited however it does give a good estimation for maximum wear depth of the test specimens.Keywords: Sliding wear; cobalt-based alloys; contact mechanics; pin on disc; wear prediction;
IntroductionCobalt-based alloys offer very good resistance to wear and chemical corrosion, and, thanks to their exceptional properties in water lubricated environments, they are often used in different bearing surfaces in nuclear applications. In reactor environments, stable cobalt-59 is bombarded with thermal neutrons producing a radioactive isotope cobalt-60 [1]. Cobalt-60 has a relatively long half-life of 5.3 years and is a penetrative gamma emitter. Wear debris generated in bearings containing cobalt-60 is transported, suspended in the coolant, becoming deposited at locations around the loop. Exposure to cobalt-60 containing wear debris, produced due to different wear mechanisms, is a leading contributor to occupational radiation exposure of maintenance personnel [2]. Therefore, in order to reduce exposure to these isotopes, a leading contributor to occupational radiation exposure, there is a trend to reduce and ultimately remove cobalt based materials to facilitate decommissioning. It is necessary to find an alternative to cobalt based alloys which has suitable tribological properties in water; this can only be achieved by exploring the tribological behaviour of these alloys for bearing applicati...