A detailed evaluation of surface, thermal, and flammable properties of polyamide 12/glass beads composites fabricated by multi jet fusion

Guo, Binbin; Xu, Zhiyao; Luo, Xuetao; Bai, Jiaming

doi:10.1080/17452759.2021.1899463

Cited by 28 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Interestingly, the samples were not produced on an industrial 3D printer but on a desktop device. Similar to this study, Gua et al investigated the surface thermal properties and flammability of a PA 12 composite material blended with glass fibers [ 33 ]. The samples were made using LPBF technology developed by Hewlett Packard.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Effect of Additives and Print Orientation on the Properties of Laser Sintering-Printed Polyamide 12 Components

et al. 2022

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3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing, is becoming increasingly popular for prototype processing in industrial practice. Laser sintering, which is a laser powder bed fusion technique, is a versatile and common 3D printing technology, which enables compact and high-quality products. Polyamide 12, a popular 3D printing material, provides reliable mechanical and thermal properties. Weaknesses in applying this technology for polyamide 12 include incomplete information regarding the application of various types of additives and different printing orientations with respect to the properties. This study aimed to investigate the influence of various additives (including carbon fiber, glass fiber, flame retardant, and aluminum powder) combined with polyamide 12, using processing of predefined powder refreshing mixture on the properties of a finished product. The thermal, surface, and mechanical properties of samples printed with five different polyamides 12-based powders at three different print orientations were investigated. It was found that the inclusion of additives decreases the tensile strength and increases the surface roughness of printed components—however, the toughness increases. The results can assist designers in selecting an appropriate material that will produce a finished part with the required properties for a given application.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Effect of Additives and Print Orientation on the Properties of Laser Sintering-Printed Polyamide 12 Components

et al. 2022

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“…While a flat plane can be seen on the bottom side of the specimen between the semi-molten powder particles that have adhered to it, the top surface of the specimen shows numerous, bigger and inhomogeneous powder particles. Guo et al [ 34 ] as well as O’Connor and Dowling [ 35 ] manufactured PA 12 with and without glass beads by MJF (which operates on a similar method as HSS). Both found in the PA 12 and the PA 12 with glass beads that the top surface was rougher than the bottom surface [ 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Guo et al [ 34 ] as well as O’Connor and Dowling [ 35 ] manufactured PA 12 with and without glass beads by MJF (which operates on a similar method as HSS). Both found in the PA 12 and the PA 12 with glass beads that the top surface was rougher than the bottom surface [ 34 , 35 ]. It is assumed that powder particles which are applied on the last layer of the part adhere to the surface.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of Polyethylene Terephthalate Powder in High Speed Sintering

et al. 2022

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Laser Sintering (LS) was the first Powder Bed Fusion (PBF) method for polymers and it is now quite an established process for rapid prototyping and even for the production of functional parts. High Speed Sintering (HSS) is a variant of PBF which was later developed and it has the potential to be more scalable than LS. Most of the work for HSS and LS has been conducted with polyamide-12 (PA 12). This work reports the first effort to use polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in HSS. Well defined, simple and complex parts could be printed without any build failures. However, limitations were induced by current HSS machines which led to some curvature (warpage) in tensile bars after manufacturing. The reason for this was that all currently available machines for HSS are built for polymers such as polyamide 12, which means their maximum bed temperature is limited to 190 °C. This corresponds to the lower limit of processability of PET in PBF processes. The slightly curved tensile bars were straightened by heating them to 230 °C with a weight on top, and afterwards the mechanical properties were measured. The tensile modulus was similar to what was obtained with PET via LS but the strength and elongation-at-break (EAB) was lower. Microscopy showed that the reason for the lower strength and EAB was the incomplete melting of particles. This arose from the temperature limitation of the current generation of HSS machines. The porosity was established as 2.23% by helium pycnometry which is the same as for LS. The results of the thermal analysis indicated that the PET parts manufactured with HSS were semi-crystalline like the PET parts manufactured via LS.

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“…Every considered size was measured three times. Based on the received measurement results, the mean value of the researched size was calculated [24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39].…”

Section: Research Methodology Relevant To Geometrical Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manufacturing Elements with Small Cross-Sections of 17-4 PH Steel (1.4542) with the Application of the DMLS Additive Manufacturing Method

et al. 2021

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The application of direct metal laser sintering renders it possible to manufacture models with complex geometries. However, there are certain limits to the application of this method connected with manufacturing thin-walled cuboidal elements, as well as cylinders and holes with small diameters. The principal objective of the research was to determine the accuracy of manufacturing geometries with small cross-sections and the possibility of application in heat exchangers that are radiators with radially arranged ribs. To that end, four specimens were designed and manufactured; their geometries of representations assumed for the purpose of research (analysis) changed dimensions within the following scope: 10–0.1 mm. The specimens to be applied in the research were manufactured with 17-4 PH stainless steel (1.4542) with the application of 3D-DMLS printing and an EOS M270 printer. The measurement of accuracy was performed with the application of an optical stereomicroscope (KERN OZL-466). In addition to that, research into the chemical composition of the material, as well as the size of spherical agglomerates, was conducted with the application of a scanning electron microscope. The analysis of the chemical composition was conducted as well (after the sintering process). The analysis of the results based on the values received by means of measurements of the manufactured geometries was divided into three parts. Based on this, it is possible to conclude that the representation of models manufactured with the application of DMLS was comparable with the assumptions, and that the deviations between a nominal dimension and that received in the course of the research were within the following scope: 0–0.1 mm. At the final stage of research and based on the received results, two heat exchangers were manufactured.

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A detailed evaluation of surface, thermal, and flammable properties of polyamide 12/glass beads composites fabricated by multi jet fusion

Cited by 28 publications

References 72 publications

Effect of Additives and Print Orientation on the Properties of Laser Sintering-Printed Polyamide 12 Components

Effect of Additives and Print Orientation on the Properties of Laser Sintering-Printed Polyamide 12 Components

Evaluation of Polyethylene Terephthalate Powder in High Speed Sintering

Manufacturing Elements with Small Cross-Sections of 17-4 PH Steel (1.4542) with the Application of the DMLS Additive Manufacturing Method

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