“…Despite their ultralow-noise and excellent resolution, probe stations require highly trained operators and are bulky, expensive, time consuming to set-up and therefore not compatible for decentralized applications. Customized portable multichannel readouts for SiNW FET biosensor have been developed [ 21 , 29 , 112 ]. Alternatively, SiNW FET biosensor can also be analyzed with an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) readout.…”
Section: Integration Of Silicon Nanowires Into Functional Devicesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Reprinted with permission from Ref. [ 21 ], Copyright (2014), Elsevier. ( c ) Chronological development procedure of a SiNW FET device for molecular sensing application from design, device fabrication, on-chip packaging and molecular probe functionalization.…”
Section: Figurementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Among the range of suitable materials and configurations, silicon nanowire field effect transistor (SiNWs-FET) biosensors have attracted significant attention from researchers, funding organizations and for-profit companies due to their compatibility with the existing silicon electronics industry as well as the availability of high-quality and relatively cost-effective substrates. SiNWs-FET biosensors offer high sensitivity, high integration density, high speed sampling, low power consumption, multiplexing, real-time and label-free detection ability [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 20 , 21 ]. From a bioanalytical standpoint, the sensing performance of SiNW FETs originate from the concept of biologically active field-effect, where the SiNWs’ conductivities are modulated upon the binding or adsorption of charged (bio)molecules to probes immobilized on their surface [ 13 , 22 ].…”
Owing to their two-dimensional confinements, silicon nanowires display remarkable optical, magnetic, and electronic properties. Of special interest has been the development of advanced biosensing approaches based on the field effect associated with silicon nanowires (SiNWs). Recent advancements in top-down fabrication technologies have paved the way to large scale production of high density and quality arrays of SiNW field effect transistor (FETs), a critical step towards their integration in real-life biosensing applications. A key requirement toward the fulfilment of SiNW FETs’ promises in the bioanalytical field is their efficient integration within functional devices. Aiming to provide a comprehensive roadmap for the development of SiNW FET based sensing platforms, we critically review and discuss the key design and fabrication aspects relevant to their development and integration within complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology.
“…Despite their ultralow-noise and excellent resolution, probe stations require highly trained operators and are bulky, expensive, time consuming to set-up and therefore not compatible for decentralized applications. Customized portable multichannel readouts for SiNW FET biosensor have been developed [ 21 , 29 , 112 ]. Alternatively, SiNW FET biosensor can also be analyzed with an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) readout.…”
Section: Integration Of Silicon Nanowires Into Functional Devicesmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Reprinted with permission from Ref. [ 21 ], Copyright (2014), Elsevier. ( c ) Chronological development procedure of a SiNW FET device for molecular sensing application from design, device fabrication, on-chip packaging and molecular probe functionalization.…”
Section: Figurementioning
confidence: 99%
“…Among the range of suitable materials and configurations, silicon nanowire field effect transistor (SiNWs-FET) biosensors have attracted significant attention from researchers, funding organizations and for-profit companies due to their compatibility with the existing silicon electronics industry as well as the availability of high-quality and relatively cost-effective substrates. SiNWs-FET biosensors offer high sensitivity, high integration density, high speed sampling, low power consumption, multiplexing, real-time and label-free detection ability [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 20 , 21 ]. From a bioanalytical standpoint, the sensing performance of SiNW FETs originate from the concept of biologically active field-effect, where the SiNWs’ conductivities are modulated upon the binding or adsorption of charged (bio)molecules to probes immobilized on their surface [ 13 , 22 ].…”
Owing to their two-dimensional confinements, silicon nanowires display remarkable optical, magnetic, and electronic properties. Of special interest has been the development of advanced biosensing approaches based on the field effect associated with silicon nanowires (SiNWs). Recent advancements in top-down fabrication technologies have paved the way to large scale production of high density and quality arrays of SiNW field effect transistor (FETs), a critical step towards their integration in real-life biosensing applications. A key requirement toward the fulfilment of SiNW FETs’ promises in the bioanalytical field is their efficient integration within functional devices. Aiming to provide a comprehensive roadmap for the development of SiNW FET based sensing platforms, we critically review and discuss the key design and fabrication aspects relevant to their development and integration within complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology.
“…Accurate biosensor design requires fundamental knowledge on the chemical structure of the target NPs, the concentration levels of the analyte [ 36 ] and its interfering species, the type of matrix, and the type and volume of the sample [ 37 ]. The next step is selecting a biological process that mediates the detection of the target analyte [ 38 ].…”
Section: Biosensors Design For Detection Of Npsmentioning
Natural products (NPs) are a valuable source in the food, pharmaceutical, agricultural, environmental, and many other industrial sectors. Their beneficial properties along with their potential toxicities make the detection, determination or quantification of NPs essential for their application. The advanced instrumental methods require time-consuming sample preparation and analysis. In contrast, biosensors allow rapid detection of NPs, especially in complex media, and are the preferred choice of detection when speed and high throughput are intended. Here, we review diverse biosensors reported for the detection of NPs. The emerging approaches for improving the efficiency of biosensors, such as microfluidics, nanotechnology, and magnetic beads, are also discussed. The simultaneous use of two detection techniques is suggested as a robust strategy for precise detection of a specific NP with structural complexity in complicated matrices. The parallel detection of a variety of NPs structures or biological activities in a mixture of extract in a single detection phase is among the anticipated future advancements in this field which can be achieved using multisystem biosensors applying multiple flow cells, sensing elements, and detection mechanisms on miniaturized folded chips.
The use of field-Effect-Transistor (FET) type biosensing arrangements has been highlighted by researchers in the field of early biomarker detection and drug screening. Their non-metalized gate dielectrics that are exposed to an electrolyte solution cover the semiconductor material and actively transduce the biological changes on the surface. The efficiency of these novel devices in detecting different biomolecular analytes in a real-time, highly precise, specific, and label-free manner has been validated by numerous research studies. Considerable progress has been attained in designing FET devices, especially for biomedical diagnosis and cell-based assays in the past few decades. The exceptional electronic properties, compactness, and scalability of these novel tools are very desirable for designing rapid, label-free, and mass detection of biomolecules. With the incorporation of nanotechnology, the performance of biosensors based on FET boosts significantly, particularly, employment of nanomaterials such as graphene, metal nanoparticles, single and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, nanorods, and nanowires. Besides, their commercial availability, and high-quality production on a large-scale, turn them to be one of the most preferred sensing and screening platforms. This review presents the basic structural setup and working principle of different types of FET devices. We also focused on the latest progression regarding the use of FET biosensors for the recognition of viruses such as, recently emerged COVID-19, Influenza, Hepatitis B Virus, protein biomarkers, nucleic acids, bacteria, cells, and various ions. Additionally, an outline of the development of FET sensors for investigations related to drug development and the cellular investigation is also presented. Some technical strategies for enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of detection in these devices are addressed as well. However, there are still certain challenges which are remained unaddressed concerning the performance and clinical use of transistor-based point-of-care (POC) instruments; accordingly, expectations about their future improvement for biosensing and cellular studies are argued at the end of this review.
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