A Digital Image Watermarking Using Dwt and Lshaped Tromino Fractal Encryption

Abstract

This paper presents a digital image watermarking scheme in the frequency domain for colour images. The algorithm was developed using the digital wavelet transform together with fractal encryption. A host image was first transformed into a frequency domain using the discrete wavelet transform after which a binary watermark was permuted and encrypted with a fractal generated from the watermark and a random key. The encrypted watermark is then embedded into the host image in the frequency domain to form a watermarked image. The algorithm's performance was examined based on the image quality of the watermarked image using peak signal to noise ratio. A perceptual metrics called the structural similarity index metric was further used to examine the structural similarity of the watermarked image and the extracted watermark. Again, the normalised cross-correlation was introduced to further assess the robustness of the algorithm. Our algorithm produced a peak signal to noise ratio of 51.1382dB and a structural similarity index of 0.9999 when tested on colour images of Lena, baboon and pepper indicating the quality of the watermarked images produced and hence indicates a higher imperceptibility of the proposed algorithm. The extracted watermark also had a structural similarity of 1 and a normalised cross correlation of 1 indicating a perfect similarity between the original watermark and the extracted watermark hence shows a higher performance of the proposed algorithm. The algorithm also showed a very good level of robustness when various attacks such as Gaussian noise, Poisson noise, salt and pepper noise, speckle noise and filtering were applied.

Mechanisms of Currency Regulation of the National Economy in the Conditions of European Integration of Ukraine

“…[1,2]. The introduction of digital [3] currencies changes the choice of consumers in payment instruments and their demand for money [4]. The main risks are associated with extreme price volatility, despite the exogenous nature of the supply of virtual currencies [5].…”