A dinoflagellate with both a mesocaryotic and a eucaryotic nucleus I. Fine structure of the nuclei

Dodge, John D.

doi:10.1007/bf01275591

Cited by 129 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…A few dinoflagellates are known to contain an endosymbiont alga which contributes a second nucleus [10][11][12][13]. These have been termed binucleate dinoflagellates.…”

Section: Binucleate Dinoflagellatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Those amazing dinoflagellate chromosomes

Rizzo

2003

Cell Res

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Dinoflagellates are a very large and diverse group of eukaryotic algae that play a major role in aquatic food webs of both fresh water and marine habitats. Moreover, the toxic members of this group pose a health threat in the form of red tides. Finally, dinoflagellates are of great evolutionary importance, because of their taxonomic position, and their unusual chromosome structure and composition. While the cytoplasm of dinoflagellates is typically eukaryotic, the nucleus is unique when compared to the nucleus of other eukaryotes. More specifically, while the chromosomes of all other eukaryotes contain histones, dinoflagellate chromosomes lack histones completely. There are no known exceptions to this observation: all dinoflagellates lack histones, and all other eukaryotes contain histones. Nevertheless, dinoflagellates remain a relatively unstudied group of eukaryotes.

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“…A few dinoflagellates are known to contain an endosymbiont alga which contributes a second nucleus [10][11][12][13]. These have been termed binucleate dinoflagellates.…”

Section: Binucleate Dinoflagellatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Those amazing dinoflagellate chromosomes

Rizzo

2003

Cell Res

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“…Interestingly, division of the diatom nucleus occurs amitotically, and neither chromatin condensation nor spindles are observed (Dodge 1971;Tippit & Pickett-Heaps 1976). The variable size of the resulting daughter nuclei suggests a loss of function of the endosymbiont genome owing to EGT of endosymbiont nuclear genes to the dinokaryon (Figueroa et al 2009).…”

Section: (D) Dinoflagellatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Endosymbiotic associations within protists

Nowack

Melkonian

2010

Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B

211

168

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The establishment of an endosymbiotic relationship typically seems to be driven through complementation of the host's limited metabolic capabilities by the biochemical versatility of the endosymbiont. The most significant examples of endosymbiosis are represented by the endosymbiotic acquisition of plastids and mitochondria, introducing photosynthesis and respiration to eukaryotes. However, there are numerous other endosymbioses that evolved more recently and repeatedly across the tree of life. Recent advances in genome sequencing technology have led to a better understanding of the physiological basis of many endosymbiotic associations. This review focuses on endosymbionts in protists (unicellular eukaryotes). Selected examples illustrate the incorporation of various new biochemical functions, such as photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation and recycling, and methanogenesis, into protist hosts by prokaryotic endosymbionts. Furthermore, photosynthetic eukaryotic endosymbionts display a great diversity of modes of integration into different protist hosts.In conclusion, endosymbiosis seems to represent a general evolutionary strategy of protists to acquire novel biochemical functions and is thus an important source of genetic innovation.

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“…foliaceum is a binucleate dinoflagellate, and the presence of a eucaryotic nucleus, in addition to the typical dinocaryotic one, logically has been attributed to the existence of a chrysophyte-like endosymbiont which is inside of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate (4,16,18). The nucleus, chloroplasts, and other organelles of the symbiont are surrounded by a unit membrane (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Isolation and Characterization of Carotenoid-rich Lipid Globules from Peridinium foliaceum

Withers

Haxo²

1978

Plant Physiol.

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Carotenoid-rich oil globules were isolated from the cytoplasm of the binucleate dinoflagellate, Perinium foliaceum. These orange globules were collected from ruptured ceUls by ultracentrifugation on a sucrose density gradient, and checked for purity by electron microscopy. The osmiophilic globules were assayed for lipid (including pigment) (5), who discovered that the carotenoid globules are highly organized in a flattened triple-membrane-enclosed sac, designated an "eyespot." This organelle is composed of two layers of osmiophilic globules (80-200 nm in diameter) separated by some granular material in the center. The eyespot has a trapezoid shape, about 6 Am by 3 ,um and 350 nm thick, and is always located ventrally at the anterior end of the sulcus (5).P. foliaceum is a binucleate dinoflagellate, and the presence of a eucaryotic nucleus, in addition to the typical dinocaryotic one, logically has been attributed to the existence of a chrysophyte-like endosymbiont which is inside of the heterotrophic dinoflagellate (4,16,18). The nucleus, chloroplasts, and other organelles of the symbiont are surrounded by a unit membrane (8). The dinocaryotic nucleus and other organelles, including the eyespot, pertain to the heterotrophic dinoflagellate, not its endosymbiont (18). Red-orange lipid globules have been observed in other heterotrophic dinoflagellates but these "colored oil droplets" have never been isolated for biochemical study.Dodge and Crawford (5) To eliminate the possibility of bacterial contamination, axenic cultures were also prepared using a synergistic penicillin-streptomycin mixture (4 and 0.8 mg/ml) with no antagonistic chloramphenicol (see 14). The cells were cultured in Fernbach flasks (1.5 liters) in GPM medium (10).

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A dinoflagellate with both a mesocaryotic and a eucaryotic nucleus I. Fine structure of the nuclei

Cited by 129 publications

References 11 publications

Those amazing dinoflagellate chromosomes

Those amazing dinoflagellate chromosomes

Endosymbiotic associations within protists

Isolation and Characterization of Carotenoid-rich Lipid Globules from Peridinium foliaceum

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