A direct measurement of gross swelling in nickel-ion-bombarded stainless steel

A study of the effect of titanium on the void swelling behavior of D9 steels by ion beam simulation

“…The step height was measured using a surface profilometer. In order to arrive at the quantitative estimate of volumetric swelling, suitable corrections were made for the changes in step height due to injected nickel ions and for the sputtering of the sample by the nickel ions [20]. As the range of the 5 MeV nickel ions is much less than 1% of the specimen thickness, the swelling in this thin layer is laterally constrained by the bulk of the material underneath.…”

“…As the bombarded region swells, the surface becomes elevated and a step forms at the interface between the masked and unmasked regions. A measurement of this step height provides the total integrated swelling that has occurred along the path of the bombarding ion [20]. The step height was measured using a surface profilometer.…”

Void swelling in ion irradiated (15Ni–14Cr), Ti-modified stainless steel: A study using positron annihilation and step height measurements

“…As the bombarded region swells, the surface become elevated and a step forms at the interface between the masked and unmasked regions. A measurement of this step height provides the total integrated swelling that has occurred along the path of the bombarding ion [6]. The step height was measured using a surface profilometer (model -Dektak 6M).…”

“…Thus, one needs to determine the temperature and dose dependence of void swelling in these alloys. Traditionally, the peak swelling temperature was determined by the direct observation of voids at the peak damage using TEM or by measurement of the gross swelling by a step height measurement technique at various irradiation temperatures [6]. With the development of advanced swelling resistant alloys like the ferritic steels the observation of swelling by step height measurements is difficult due to the resolution limit set by the surface profilometer.…”

Effects of minor alloying additions on the strength and swelling behavior of an austenitic stainless steel

“…During all bombardments, the chamber was kept under a vacuum of 10 ^ to with volume changes due to swelling [123). Following ion irradiation all specimens in each holder were examined using a Sloan profilometer.…”