“…While Ćalušić (2021) views the eventual widespread adoption of these technologies in the language classroom as inevitable, he cautions against the view that artificial tools alone can teach lan-guage; rather, these tools must be designed to "assist teachers, not to replace them" (p. 39). Other surveys of the usage of such tools have made similar observations, both about the value of these tools and about the continued need for a human instructor, whose role may become more that of a facilitator, stepping in as needed as students train with software (De Smedt, 2002;Ceolin et al, 2016;Xu & Margevica-Grinberga, 2021;Mukherjee, 2020). Most of the tools designed thus far are for English language training (with China in particular planning to spend billions on AI-assisted English-language instruction), but tools to teach other languages are also being developed (Pokrivčáková, 2019;Xiao & Hu, 2019;Ćalušić, 2021;Orlandi, 2021;Xu & Margevica-Grinberga, 2021;Haristiani, 2019).…”